Personal Development || 1st Semester || Midterms

Jean Piaget

proponent of the cognitive development theory

education

key element in the growth of an individual

object permanence

object continues to exist even if its no longer seen

egocentrism

child's way of thinking is toward onseself

equilibrium

state of balance

maturation

factor affecting development involving biological changes

sensorimotor

child explores the world through interaction of his mouth and hands with the environment

concrete operational

thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

pre-operational

language and pretend play take off, still cannot conserve, egocentric

formal operational

abstract reasoning

Lawrence Kohlberg

proposed that moral reasoning guides moral actions

morality

ability to distinguish right from wrong

cognitive development

other development theory that Kohlberg recognized as essential to his theory

pre-conventional stage

reward and punishment

conventional stage

following the rules

post conventional stage

set of general principles that reflect core values

punishment and obedience orientation

the child obeys to avoid punishment

reward orientation

the child obeys to get rewarded

good boy-good girl orientation

approval of other people

authority orientation

right and wrong is determined by society's rules and laws

social contract orientation

following the rules but also deiciding what is good for the majority

universal ethical principles

believes in their own principles

Sigmund Freud

proponent of psychosexual theory

erogenous zones

also known as pleasure areas which are sensitive to stimulation

fixation

attachment to a particular object or activity that may affect development

instinct

most important factor in psychosexual theory

oral

(0-1 year) pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

anal

(1-3 years) toilet training; obsessive-compulsive and being too generous

phallic

(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

latency

(7-13 years) resolving fixations; develops closeness to parents

genital

(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests

Erik Erikson

expanded Freud's theory that recognizes early childhood experiences' importance

Psychosocial

considers the role of social factors in influencing development

Identity Confusion

in which the individual feels confused about his or her purpose

Socialization

Essential process in psychosocial

Trust vs. Mistrust (1-2 years)

1. provision of basic needs; support

2. becomes hopeful or optimistic; trust someone now, we can trust others in the future

1. deprivation, lack of support, inconsistency

2. becomes fearful, we develop doubt and mistrust

Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt (2-4 years)

1. support; patience

2. develops self confidence

1. lack of confidence/ support; overprotective

2. becomes independent

Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5 years)

1. opportunity; encouragement

2. develops sense of purpose

1. lack of opportunity; negative feelings

2. feels guilty

Industry Vs. Inferiority (5-12 years)

1. good education/training and models

2. becomes industrious

1. lack of training/ support

2. develops sense of inferiority

Identity Vs. Identity Diffusion (13-19 years)

1. Clear sex models; good sense of stability; positive feedback

2. develops identity

1. Confusing purpose; vague expectations; unclear feedback

2. identity crisis role confusion

Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40 years)

1. Understanding, trust, acceptance

2. Is able to love and commit

1. Loneliness; exclusion

2. Loneliness; depression; isolated

Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-63 years)

1. Productivity; purposefulness

2. Feels productive

1. Lack of opportunity; enrichment

2. Feeling unproductive; stagnant

Integrity vs. Despair (65-death)

1. Sense of closure; clear attainment of direction

2. Feels complete; has sense of achievement

1. Lack of completeness; dissatisfaction

2. Feels dissatisfied with Life; in despair

Four Identity Statuses

- diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement

- by James Marcia

Identity Diffused

- Low exploration

- Low commitment

- Has no plans in life and doesn't know

Foreclosed

- Low exploration

- High commitment

- Parents decided on their actions

Moratorium

- High exploration

- Low commitment

- Joins many things but never commits

- Only trying several things to know what they want

Identity Achieved

- High exploration

- High commitment

- Has explored and has committed to one goal for their life