Paper 1 - Terminology

Flashcards of all of the terminology discussed in the lecture notes to help prepare for the upcoming exam

Pronoun

A word that can function by itself as a noun phrase and that refers either to the participants in the discourse or to someone or something mentioned in the discourse

Proper Noun

A noun used to denote a particular person, place, or thing

Common Noun

A noun denoting a class of objects or a concept as opposed to a particular individual

Abstract Noun

A noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object

Verb

A word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence

Auxiliary Verb

A verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs

Imperative Verb

Giving an authoritative command

Modal Verb

Expressing possibility

Rhetorical Question

A question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer

Hypophora

A figure of speech in which a writer raises a question and then immediately provides an answer to it

Modifier

A word or phrase used to attribute a quality to another thing

Intensifier

A word or phrase that magnifies the importance of the word it modifies

Superlative

Of the highest quality or degree

Metaphor

A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable

Repetition

The action of repeating something that has already been said or written

Tautology

The saying of the same thing twice in different words, generally considered to be a fault of style

Simile

A figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid

Oxymoron

A figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunctions

Juxtaposition

The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect

Contrast

The state of being strikingly different from something else in juxtaposition or close association

Euphemism

A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing

Hyperbole

Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally

Synecdoche

A figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa

Metonymy

The substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant

Anaphoric Reference

The use of a word referring to or replacing a word used earlier in a sentence, to avoid repetition

Irony

The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect

Paradox

A seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true

Antithesis

A person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else

Chiasmus

A rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form

Understatement

The presentation of something as being smaller or less good or important than it really is

Anaphora

The use of a word referring to or replacing a word used earlier in a sentence, to avoid repetition

Auditory Imagery

Relating to the sense of hearing

Tactile Imagery

Relating to the sense of touch

Olfactory Imagery

Relating to the sense of smell

Gustatory Imagery

Relating to the sense of taste

Synaesthesia

The production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body

Alliteration

The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words

Assonance

The repetition of the sound of a vowel or diphthong in nonrhyming stressed syllables near enough to each other for the echo to be discernible

Consonance

The recurrence of similar sounds, especially consonants, in close proximity

Sibilance

The recurrence of sibilant sounds (such as s, sh, z, and c) in words

Euphony

The quality of being pleasing to the ear, especially through a harmonious combination of words

Cacophony

A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds

Onomatopoeia

The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named

Intertextuality

The relationship between texts, especially literary ones

Declarative Sentence

Making a statement or declaration

Interrogative Sentence

Asking a question

Imperative Sentence

Giving an order

Exclamatory Sentence

Expressing strong emotion

Dialect

A particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group

Non-Standard English

The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region

Vernacular

The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region

Colloquial

Used in or characteristic of familiar and informal conversation

Jargon

Special words or expressions used by a profession or group that are difficult for others to understand

Taboo

Prohibited or restricted by social custom

Euphemism

A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing

Slang

A type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal; more common in speech than writing

Anecdote

A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person

Facts and Statistics

Numerical data

Direct Speech

The reporting of speech as it was originally spoken

Indirect Speech

The reporting of speech with changes to tense and pronouns

Paraphrasing

Expressing the meaning of (something written or spoken) using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity

Clause

A unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar consisting of a subject and predicate

Ambiguity

The quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness

Ambivalence

The state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone

Bias

Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair

Caricature

A picture, description, or imitation of a person or thing in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect

Cliché

A phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought

Contractions

A shortened form of a word or syllable

Hyperbole

The use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech

Formulaic

Consisting of a set form of conventional phrases or language

Deixis

Words and phrases that refer directly to the situational context of an utterance

Pun

A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words which sound alike but have different meanings

Exophoric Reference

Referring to something beyond the text

Paradox

A seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true

Loan Word

A word adopted from a foreign language

Neologism

A newly coined word or expression

Font Size/Colour

The size or appearance of a font

Serif Font

A font with serifs

Script/Handwriting Font

A font that resembles handwriting

Focal Point

The visual element in a design that first captures the viewer's attention

Colour Palette

A set of colors used in a design

Graphology

The study of handwriting

Typography

The style and appearance of printed matter

Emboldened/Italicised/Underlined

Emphasized text

Camera Angle

The position from which a photograph is taken

Subject Matter

The subject matter of an image

Indexical

Related to the overall topic

Contradictory Image

Images that contradict the text

Square with the text

Images that align with the text

Use of Space

How space is used in a design

Multimodal

Involving several forms of communication

Captions

Text accompanying an image

Logo

A symbol or design adopted by an organization

Body Text

The main body of text in a document

Branding

The act of promoting a product or service through the use of a brand

Overlay

A graphic that covers part of the main text or image

Speech/Scream/Broadcast/Thought/Whisper Bubble

Visual representations of speech

Action Words

Words that describe actions

Left to Right Placement

The arrangement of elements from left to right

Top to Bottom Placement

The arrangement of elements from top to bottom