APUSH: Period 1 & 2 Review

encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

asiento system

Required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas

bering land bridge

Historians believe that the earliest Americans came over the______ which connected Asia and North America

maya

A Meso-American civilization, which reached its height between a.d. 250 and 900

inca

a member of any of the dominant groups of South American Indian peoples who established an empire in Peru prior to the spanish conquest

aztec

A Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico who created a strong empire that flourished between the 14th and 15th century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire.

conquistadors (cortes, pizarro)

Cortes defeated Aztecs of mexico in 1521, Pizarro defeated Incas of W. S. Am. in 1531. Took over and exploited ppl and land. Started new econ. in conquered areas

roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

columbus

A skilled italian who sailed for spain west into the Atlantic Ocean looking for a way to Asia,and to trade he discovered an island called Hispaniola

treaty of tordesillas

1494 dividedthe Atlantic world between two maritime powers, reserving for Portugal the West African coast and the route to India and giving Spain the oceans and the lands to the west

iriquois confederation

North American confederation of indigenous tribes: the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca.

john cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage, 1497 claimed Canada for England

samuel de champlain

Cartographer, explorer, governor of New France. The major role Champlain played in the St Lawrence River area earned him the title of "father of New France."

henry hudson

- 1609, explored Hudson River for Dutch

de las casas

Priest who spoke out against Spanish treatment of Native Americans

cecil calvert

After his father died, he became the proprietor of Maryland

act of toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

roger williams

English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism

anne hutchinson (antinomianism)

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639

halfway covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, it allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations

quakers

A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord

william penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

holy experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

the distinctives of each of the 13 colonies

Viriginia-royal,london company,tobacco

New hampshire-royal,jason mason,grain

Massachusetts-royal,puritans,cattle

Maryland-proprietary,lord baltimore,iron

Connecticut-self-governing,massachusetts emigrants,cattle

Rhode Island-self-governing,roger williams,rum

Delaware-proprietary,swedes,trade

North Carolina-royal,virginians,lumber

New Jersey-trade

the three different varieties of colonies

autonomy, heteronomy, and participated theonomy

jamestown

1st permanent English settlement in North America

john smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

john rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

pocahantes

married john rolfe, saved john smith from death, ultimately helped bring peace btwn colonists and Native Americans (American Indians)

puritans vs separatists

-Separatists" from the Church of England (Puritans)

-"Reformers" or "Purifiers" (dissenting but non-separating) (Separatists)

-Saw no hope of reforming the national church from within (Puritans)

-Saw the hope or possibility of reforming the national church from within (Separatists)

-Left England, first for Holland, then to America (Puritans)

-Left England straight to America (Separatists)

-Received no help from the Church of England (Puritans)

-Received some help from the Church of England (Separatists)

-Landed at Cape Cod and founded the Plymouth Plantation in 1620 (Puritans)

-Landed near present-day Boston and founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 (Separatists)

-William Bradford -- well-known governor and historian/writer (Puritans)

-John Winthrop -- well-known governor and historian/writer (Separatists)

-"Troublemaker" -- Thomas Morton (Puritans)

-"Troublemakers" -- Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson (Separatists)

mayflower compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

john winthrop

1588-1649 First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.

governor berkeley

Colonial Virginia official who crushed rebels and wreaked cruel revenge

bacon's rebellion

In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a young planter led a rebellion against people who were friendly to the Indians. In the process he torched Jamestown, Virginia and was murdered by Indians.

indentured servant

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

headright system

Colonial system of awarding a tract of land, usually fifty acres, to a person who paid for the passage of an indentured servant to the colonies. Some wealthy people in Virginia and other southern colonies accumulated huge tracts of land through this system.

primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land.

middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

mercantilism

An economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

navigation acts

1650 laws that required among other things that all goods to and from the colonies be transported on British ships

salutary neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

dominion of new england

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

edmund andros

Autocratic and unpopular governor of the Dominion of New England; he was toppled from power and was caught while trying to make his escape dressed as a woman.

glorious revolution

..., A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

great awakening

..., Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

john locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

natural law

A system of justice derived from nature instead of from rules of society.

jonathan edwards

"Sinners in the hand of an Angry God"

george whitefield

A methodist preacher, came to exemplify the Great Awakening period- graffic depictions of hell

old light

Conservative clergymen who were against the emotional approach of the Great Awakening

new light

Clergymen who defended the Great Awakening for reinvigorating American religion

18th century immigration patterns

Increase in non-English immigrants and fewer English immigrants; Scots-Irish, Scots, Germans, Dutch, Africans; poor move west for cheaper land

john peter zenger

A New York editor whose trial for seditious libel backfired on the government; the jury found that truth was a defense for libel.

voting and lawmaking in the colonies

voting was mostly for men