Kinesiology 10-11

How many bones are in the foot?

26

How many muscles are in the foot?

19

How many ligaments are in the foot?

over 100

Tarsal bones

talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiform bones, cuboid

Where are the 2 sesamoid bones in the foot located?

flexor hallucis longus tendons beneath the metatarsophalangeal joint

Tibiofibular joint classification

syndesmotic amphiarthrodial

What provides support between the tibia and fibula shafts?

ligament and strong, dense interosseus membrane

High ankle sprain commonly involves what ligament?

anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

High ankle sprain is classified as what type of joint sprain?

syndesmosis joint sprain

What happens to the ankle in a high ankle sprain?

dorsi flexed ankle that is forced into external rotation

What is the most common injury in physically active people?

ankle sprain

What is the most common cause of an ankle sprain?

excessive inversion during plantar flexion

What ligament is most commonly damaged in a common ankle sprain?

anterior talofibular ligament

Sinus Tarsi

canal located on the lateral side of the food between the talus and calcaneus

What does the sinus tarsi play a role in?

balance and proprioception

sinus tarsi syndrome

usually develops as a result of an ankle sprain or repetitive sprains, causes inflammation and swelling in the canal

Proper name for ankle joint

talocrural

talocrural joint classification

ginglymus (hinge)

talocrural joint movements

dorsiflexion and planar flexion

talocrural joint bones

talus, distal tibia and fibula

Subtalar/talocalcaneal joint

meeting point of the talus and calcaneus

subtalar joint classification

arthrodial (gliding)

subtalar joint movements

inversion and eversion

Transverse tarsal joint

calcaneus with cuboid with talus with navicular

transverse tarsal joint classfication

arthrodial (gliding)

transverse tarsal joint movements

inversion and eversion

Intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joint classification

arthrodial (gliding)

metatarsophalangeal joint classification

condyloid

metatarsophalangeal joint movement

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

varies from person to person

interphalangeal joint classification

ginglymus (hinge)

interphalangeal joint movements

flexion and extension

What are ligaments in the foot and ankle used for?

maintain arches

longitudinal arches

medial and lateral

medial longitudinal arch helps with?

shock absorption

lateral longitudinal arch helps with?

balance

transverse arch

extends across foot from 1st to 5th metatarsal

plantar fasciitis

common painful condition involving plantar fascial inflammation

plantar fascia

broad structure extending from medial calcaneal tuberosity to proximal phalanges of toes, assists in stabilizing medial longitudinal arch and propelling body foreward

pronation of foot

combo of dorsiflexion, eversion, and forefoot abduction

supination of foot

combo of plantar flexion, inversion, and forefoot adduction

dense fascia

tightly surrounds each muscle compartment, facilitates venous return and prevents excessive swelling during exercise

anterior muscle compartment

dorsi flexors- tibialis anterior, peroneus tertius, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus

lateral muscle compartment

evertors- peroneus longus, peroneus brevis

superficial posterior muscle compartment

plantar flexors- gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

deep posterior muscle compartment

plantar flexors and invertors- flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus, tibialis posterior

compartment syndrome

most common in anterior portion, swelling, pain, and weakness in muscles

treatment: surgery to release fascia

shin splints

painful leg condition often associated with running activities, different musculotendinous injuries

treatment: stretch plantar flexors and strengthen dorsiflexors

how many vertebrae do we have?

24 articulating, 9 fused

How many spinal nerves do we have?

31 pairs

Spine sections

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacrum, 4 fused coccyx

Curves of the back

4 total that enable the spine to absorb shock

3 moveable- cervical (posterior), thoracic (anterior), lumbar (posterior)

how many pairs of ribs do we have?

12- 7 true, 5 false (3 fused, 2 floating)

atlantooccipital joint

first joint of spine, formed by occipital condyles of skull sitting on atlas

atlantooccipital joint classfifcation

condyloid

atlantooccipital joint movements

flexion/extension, lateral movements of head

atlantoaxial joint

2nd joint of spine, atlas articulating with axis

atlantoaxial joint classification

trochoid

atlantoaxial joint movements

cervical rotation (shaking the head no)

vertebral articulations classification

arthrodial (gliding)

annulus fibrosus

outer rim of dense fibrocartilage in intervertebral disk

Nucleus pulposus

central gelatinous, pulpy substance

herniated (slipped) disk

nucleus protrudes through annulus which puts pressure on spinal nerve root

lordosis

increased posterior concavity of lumbar and cervical curves

kyphosis

increased anterior concavity of thoracic curve

scoliosis

lateral curvatures of sideward deviations of spine

movements of the spine

most occurs in cervical and lumbar areas

cervical movements

movements of head and neck

flexion/extension, lateral flexion, rotation

lumbar motion

combined motion in thoracic and lumbar regions

flexion/extension, lateral flexion, reduction, rotation

erector spinae

largest muscle, extends from pelvic region to cranium

iliocostalis, spinalis, longissimus

muscles of spine assist in?

moving the spine and aid in respiration

abdominal wall muscle attachments?

attach to a fascia, do not go bone to bone

muscles that move the head

originate on cervical vertebrae and insert on occipital bone

sternocleidomastoid

origin: manubrium of sternum, anterior surface of clavicle

insertion: mastoid process

movements: extension of head, flexion of cervical spine, rotation, lateral flexion

rectus abdonminis

origin: crest of pubis

insertion: cartilage of 5,6,7th ribs and xiphoid process

movements: lumbar flexion, weak lateral flexion

external oblique

muscle fibers point downwards towards hips

lumbar flexion, lumbar lateral flexion and rotation

internal oblique

muscle fibers post upward towards ribs

lumbar flexion, lumbar lateral flexion and rotation

transverse abdominis

muscle fibers lay horizontally

forced expiration by pulling abdominal wall