ap psych-unit5-cognition

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Last updated 2:20 AM on 1/18/23
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116 Terms

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memory
persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
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recall
retrieving info learned at an earlier time (fill in the blank question)
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recognition
identifying items previously learned (mcq)
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relearning
learning something more quickly after you already learned it (relearning language used in early childhood for language exam)
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encoding
getting information into the brain
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storage
retaining information
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retrieval
getting info back out
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parallel processing
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously
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sensory memory
immediate and brief recording of sensory information
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short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before forgotten or stored
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long term
permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system
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working memory
short term memory with consciousness-- active processing incoming information
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explicit memory
retention of facts that we can declare
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effortful processing
requires effort to remember
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automatic processing
unconscious information remembered
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implicit memory
retention of skills unconsciously remembered
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iconic memory
momentary memory of visual stimuli
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echoic memory
momentary memory of auditory stimuli
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chunking
organizing items automatically to recall it easily
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mnemonics
memory aids by using vivid imagery
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spacing effect
distributed study yields better long term retention
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massed study
cramming, short term memory and confidence but forget easier
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testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving information
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shallow processing
encoding on a basic level (based on structure of words)
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deep processing
encoding semantically (based on meaning)
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semantic memory
fact memory (conscious)
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episodic memory
personally experienced event (conscious)
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hippocampus
neural center that processes conscious and explicit memories
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memory consolidation
neural storage of long term memory
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cerebellum
forms and stores implicit memories
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basal ganglia
facilitate formation of procedural memories
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infantile amnesia
concious memory of first four years blank
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amygdala
stress provokes amygdala to initiate memory trace and boosts activity in memory forming areas
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flashbulb memories
clear sustained memory of emotionally significant moment or event
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long term potentiation
increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief and rapid stimulation
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priming
activation (often unconciously) or particular associations in memory
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encoding specificity principle
cues in a specific context will help us recall it
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mood congruent
ability to recall experiences that are consistent with ones mood
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serial position effect
ability to recall the first and last items in a list
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recency effect
ability to remember the last thing in a list
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primacy effect
ability to remember the first thing in a list
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anterograde amnesia
inability to form NEW memories
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retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve information from ones past
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encoding failure
what we fail to encode we will never remember
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storage decay
course of forgetting is initially rapid and then levels off with time
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retrieval failure
in long term memory but occasionally fails attempts to access info there\`
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proactive interference
prior learning disrupts recall of new info
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retroactive interference
new learning disrupts old learning
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repress
banishes consciousness from bringing up anxiety inducing thoughts feelings and memories
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reconsolidation
previously stored memories are retrieved altered before being stored again
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misinformation effect
misleading info distorts memory of an event
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source amensia
faulty memory for how when or where information was learned
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deja vu
“ive experienced thisi before”-- happens because cues from current situation unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
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cognition
mental activities like thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating
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concept
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
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prototypes
mental image or best example of a category
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creativity
ability to produce new and valuable ideas
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convergent thinking
narrowing down solutions to determine the best
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divergent thinking
expanding solutions (creative)
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creativity components
expertise, imagination, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment
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algorithms
methodical or logical rule/procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem
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heuristic
thinking shortcut
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insight
sudden realization of problems solutions
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confirmation b ias
tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and ignore contradictory (to preconception’s) information
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fixation
inability to see a new perspective
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mental set
approaching one problem in a specific way
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intuition
effortless, immediate, and automatic feeling or thought
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representativeness heuristic
estimating likelihood of events by how well they match prototypes
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availability heuristic
estimating likelihood of events by availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind
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overconfidence
tendency to be more confident than correct
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belief perseverance
clinging to initial conceptions after finding out that it was wrong
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framing
the way an issue is posed
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language
spoken, written, or signed words and the way they are combined to communicate meaning
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phonemes
smallest distinctive sound unit (in that-- th, a, t)
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morphemes
smallest language units that carry meaning (in readers- read, er (one who reads), s(multiple))
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grammar
rules that enables communication, semantics for meaning, syntax for order
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babbling
baby sounds unrelated to language (4 months), then resembles language (10 mo)
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one-word stage
single words (12mo)
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two word speech
two words that are mostly nouns and verbs (24mo)
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telegraphic speech
using little words to convey message (e.g TERMS ACCEPTED. SEND MONEY) (24+mo)
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aphasia
impairment of language by damage to broca or wernickes area (impairing either speaking or understanding)
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linguistic determinism
language **controls** the way we think
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linguistic influence
langauge **affects** thought
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intelligence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge
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general intelligence, g
mental abilities measured by an intelligence test (spearman)
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factor analysis
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test
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eight relatively independent intelligences
Gardner’s theory for intelligences
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savant syndrome
limited mental ability but exceptional specific skill
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triarchic intelligences
Sternberg’s theory-- analytical, creative, practical
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emotional intelligence
ability to percieve, understand, manage, and use emotions
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grit
passion and perseverance in pursuit of long term goals
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7 intelligences
thurstone’s theory for primary mental abilities-- word fluency, verb comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory)
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intelligence test
method to assess mental aptitudes **compared to others**
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achievement test
to assess what someone has l**earned**
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aptitude test
to **predict** future performance
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galton presuming hereditary genius
genius is inherited
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binet predicting school achievement
measures mental age
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mental age
level of performance associated with children of a certain chronological age (avg 8 year old will have mental age of 8)
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terman measuring innate intelligence
revision of binets system-- stanford binet test
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stern and IQ
intelligence quotient, (mental age/chronological age ) \* 100