ap psych-unit5-cognition

memory

persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

recall

retrieving info learned at an earlier time (fill in the blank question)

recognition

identifying items previously learned (mcq)

relearning

learning something more quickly after you already learned it (relearning language used in early childhood for language exam)

encoding

getting information into the brain

storage

retaining information

retrieval

getting info back out

parallel processing

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

sensory memory

immediate and brief recording of sensory information

short term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before forgotten or stored

long term

permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system

working memory

short term memory with consciousness-- active processing incoming information

explicit memory

retention of facts that we can declare

effortful processing

requires effort to remember

automatic processing

unconscious information remembered

implicit memory

retention of skills unconsciously remembered

iconic memory

momentary memory of visual stimuli

echoic memory

momentary memory of auditory stimuli

chunking

organizing items automatically to recall it easily

mnemonics

memory aids by using vivid imagery

spacing effect

distributed study yields better long term retention

massed study

cramming, short term memory and confidence but forget easier

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving information

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level (based on structure of words)

deep processing

encoding semantically (based on meaning)

semantic memory

fact memory (conscious)

episodic memory

personally experienced event (conscious)

hippocampus

neural center that processes conscious and explicit memories

memory consolidation

neural storage of long term memory

cerebellum

forms and stores implicit memories

basal ganglia

facilitate formation of procedural memories

infantile amnesia

concious memory of first four years blank

amygdala

stress provokes amygdala to initiate memory trace and boosts activity in memory forming areas

flashbulb memories

clear sustained memory of emotionally significant moment or event

long term potentiation

increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief and rapid stimulation

priming

activation (often unconciously) or particular associations in memory

encoding specificity principle

cues in a specific context will help us recall it

mood congruent

ability to recall experiences that are consistent with ones mood

serial position effect

ability to recall the first and last items in a list

recency effect

ability to remember the last thing in a list

primacy effect

ability to remember the first thing in a list

anterograde amnesia

inability to form NEW memories

retrograde amnesia

inability to retrieve information from ones past

encoding failure

what we fail to encode we will never remember

storage decay

course of forgetting is initially rapid and then levels off with time

retrieval failure

in long term memory but occasionally fails attempts to access info there\`

proactive interference

prior learning disrupts recall of new info

retroactive interference

new learning disrupts old learning

repress

banishes consciousness from bringing up anxiety inducing thoughts feelings and memories

reconsolidation

previously stored memories are retrieved altered before being stored again

misinformation effect

misleading info distorts memory of an event

source amensia

faulty memory for how when or where information was learned

deja vu

“ive experienced thisi before”-- happens because cues from current situation unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

cognition

mental activities like thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating

concept

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

prototypes

mental image or best example of a category

creativity

ability to produce new and valuable ideas

convergent thinking

narrowing down solutions to determine the best

divergent thinking

expanding solutions (creative)

creativity components

expertise, imagination, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment

algorithms

methodical or logical rule/procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem

heuristic

thinking shortcut

insight

sudden realization of problems solutions

confirmation b ias

tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and ignore contradictory (to preconception’s) information

fixation

inability to see a new perspective

mental set

approaching one problem in a specific way

intuition

effortless, immediate, and automatic feeling or thought

representativeness heuristic

estimating likelihood of events by how well they match prototypes

availability heuristic

estimating likelihood of events by availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind

overconfidence

tendency to be more confident than correct

belief perseverance

clinging to initial conceptions after finding out that it was wrong

framing

the way an issue is posed

language

spoken, written, or signed words and the way they are combined to communicate meaning

phonemes

smallest distinctive sound unit (in that-- th, a, t)

morphemes

smallest language units that carry meaning (in readers- read, er (one who reads), s(multiple))

grammar

rules that enables communication, semantics for meaning, syntax for order

babbling

baby sounds unrelated to language (4 months), then resembles language (10 mo)

one-word stage

single words (12mo)

two word speech

two words that are mostly nouns and verbs (24mo)

telegraphic speech

using little words to convey message (e.g TERMS ACCEPTED. SEND MONEY) (24+mo)

aphasia

impairment of language by damage to broca or wernickes area (impairing either speaking or understanding)

linguistic determinism

language **controls** the way we think

linguistic influence

langauge **affects** thought

intelligence

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge

general intelligence, g

mental abilities measured by an intelligence test (spearman)

factor analysis

statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test

eight relatively independent intelligences

Gardner’s theory for intelligences

savant syndrome

limited mental ability but exceptional specific skill

triarchic intelligences

Sternberg’s theory-- analytical, creative, practical

emotional intelligence

ability to percieve, understand, manage, and use emotions

grit

passion and perseverance in pursuit of long term goals

7 intelligences

thurstone’s theory for primary mental abilities-- word fluency, verb comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory)

intelligence test

method to assess mental aptitudes **compared to others**

achievement test

to assess what someone has l**earned**

aptitude test

to **predict** future performance

galton presuming hereditary genius

genius is inherited

binet predicting school achievement

measures mental age

mental age

level of performance associated with children of a certain chronological age (avg 8 year old will have mental age of 8)

terman measuring innate intelligence

revision of binets system-- stanford binet test

stern and IQ

intelligence quotient, (mental age/chronological age ) \* 100