The Cultural Landscape Chapter 13: Urban Patterns

Single men

________ constitute two- fifths of the homeless, and the remainder are women and children.

Poor quality housing

________ has been renovated for wealthy people or demolished and replaced by offices or luxury apartment buildings.

Squatter settlements

________ are known by a variety of names, including barriadas and favelas in Latin America, bidonvilles in North Africa, bustees in India, geckowndu in Turkey, kampongs in Malaysia, and barong- barong in the Philippines.

Northern Europe

Shopping streets reserved for pedestrians are widespread in ________, including in the Netherlands, Germany, and Scandinavia.

Mexico City

In ________, Emperor Maximilian (1864- 1867) designed a 14- lane, tree- lined boulevard patterned after the Champs- Elysees in Paris.

Baltimore

Within Megalopolis, the downtown areas of individual cities such as ________, New York, and Philadelphia retain distinctive identities, and the urban areas are visibly separated from each other by open space used as parks, military bases, and dairy or truck farms.

US law

________ requires that they be reimbursed both for moving expenses and for rent increases over a 4- year period.

Urban renewal

________ has been criticized for destroying the social cohesion of older neighborhoods and reducing the supply of low- cost housing.

Violence

________ erupts when two gangs fight over the boundaries between their drug distribution areas.

Latrines

________ are usually designated by the settlement's leaders, and water is carried from a central well or dispensed from a truck.

African Americans

Because ________ comprised a large percentage of the displaced population in U.S. cities, urban renewal was often called "Negro Removal "during the 1960s.

upper floors

Building and zoning codes prohibit anyone from living in basements, and ________ are attractive to wealthy individuals once elevators are installed.

twentieth century

Early in the ________, U.S. cities had 50, 000 kilometers (30, 000 miles) of street railways and trolleys that earned 14 billion passengers a year, but only a few hundred kilometers of track remain.

1521

After the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan in ________ after a 2- year siege, they destroyed the city and dispersed or killed most of the inhabitants.

complex structure

According to the multiple nuclei model, a city is a(n) ________ that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.

Rome

________ periodically bans private vehicles from the CBD to reduce pollution and congestion and minimize damage to ancient monuments.

Motor vehicle ownership

________ is nearly universal among American households, with the exception of some poor families, older individuals, and people living in the centers of large cities such as New York.

Low income people

________ tend to live in inner- city neighborhoods, but the job opportunities, especially those requiring minimal training and skill in personal services, are in suburban areas not well served by public transportation.

CSA

A(n) ________ is defined as two or more contiguous CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns.

State University of New York

When police or firefighters are summoned to the ________ at Old Westbury, two or three departments sometimes respond because the campus is in five districts.

motor vehicles

In larger cities, public transit is better suited than ________ to moving large numbers of people, because each transit traveler takes up far less space.

central city

The invention of the railroad in the nineteenth century enabled people to live in suburbs and work in the ________.

North America

Zoning ordinances, developed in Europe and ________ in the early decades of the twentieth century, encouraged spatial separation.

Residents

________ are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities that are confined to compact, distinct areas.

Malls

________ have become centers for activities in suburban areas that lack other types of community facilities.

Mineola

________ set a 40- mile- per- hour speed limit for the eastbound lanes, whereas Garden City set a 30- mile- per- hour speed limit for the westbound lanes.

term city

The ________ defines an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self- governing unit.

Inner city residents

________ are frequently referred to as a permanent underclass because they are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social problems.

Harbor Place

Baltimore: ________, built in the Inner Harbor, adjacent to waterfront museums, tourist attractions, hotels, and cultural facilities.

Residential areas

________ designed for wealthy families are developed in scenic, attractive areas, possibly on a hillside or near a water body, whereas flat land, dull land closer to industry becomes built up with cheaper housing.

federal program

A(n) ________ known as Hope VI supports renovation of older public housing, and the Housing Choice Voucher Program helps low- income households pay their rent in private housing.

New housing

________ is built either in older suburbs inside the greenbelts or in planned extensions to small towns and new towns beyond the greenbelts.

Latin America

The principal cities in ________ were located in Mexico and the Andean highlands of northwestern South America.

Suburban communities

________ discourage the entry of those with lower incomes and minorities because of fear that property values will decline if the high- status composition of the neighborhood is altered.

Baltimore

Harbor Place, built in the Inner Harbor, adjacent to waterfront museums, tourist attractions, hotels, and cultural facilities

San Francisco Ferry Building

a gourmet food center where San Francisco Bay ferries dock

The similarity between European and LDC cities is not a coincidence

European colonial policies left a heavy mark on the development of cities in LDCs, many of which have passed through three stages of development-pre-European colonization, the European colonial period, and postcolonial independence

Urbanized area

a continuously built-up area

central business district

downtown

concentric zone model

a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the growth rings of a tree

sector model

the city develops in a series of sectors, not rings

multiple nuclei model

a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve

census tracts

urban areas in the United States are divided and contain approximately 5,000 residents and correspond, where possible, to neighborhood boundaries

social area analysis

social scientists can compare the distributions of characteristics and create an overall picture of where various types of people tend to live

squatter settlements

have few services because neither the city nor the residents can afford them

filtering

process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower-income people

redlining

drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which they will refuse to loan money

urban renewal

cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, and build new roads and utilities

public housing

many substandard inner-city houses have been demolished and replaced

gentrification

the process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing

underclass

suffers from relatively high rates of unemployment, alcoholism, drug addiction, illiteracy, juvenile delinquency, and crime

annexation

the process of legally adding land area to a city

central city

a city surrounded by suburbs

urbanized area

the central city and the surrounding built-up suburbs

metropolitan statistical area

an urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000

core-based statistical areas

the 366 MSAs and 574 µ5As together

combined statistical areas

MSAs and µSAs with close ties

primary census statistical areas

124 CSAs plus the remaining 187 MSAs and 406 µSAs not combined into CSAs

council of government

a cooperative agency consisting of representatives of the various local governments in the region

peripheral model

an urban area consists of an inner-city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road

edge cities

nodes of consumer and business services around the beltway

density gradient

density change in an urban area

sprawl

the progressive spread of development over the landscape

greenbelts

rings of open space

smart growth

legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland

rush hour

the four consecutive 15-minute periods that have the heaviest traffic