Chapter 18 - McGraw Hill

Hematology

study of blood

what makes up the circulatory system?

heart, blood vessels, and blood

what does the cardiovascular system refer to?

heart and blood vessels

Function of circulatory system

transport: oxygen, nutriments, wastes, hormones

protection against: inflammation, limit spread of infection, destroy microorganisms and cancer cells

regulation of: fluid balance, stabilizes pH of ECF, temp

plasma

matrix of blood, clear and light yellow fluid of blood

formed fragments of blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

what is the difference between blood serum and blood plasma

serum lacks fibrinogen

albumins

smallest and most abundant plasma protein, contributes to viscosity and osmolarity

globulins (antibodies)

provide immune system functions; alpha, beta, and gamma globulins

Fibrinogen

precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clotting

how are plasma proteins formed

by the liver, except for globulins which are produced by plasma cells

blood serum

remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed, lacks fibrinogen

Nitrogenous waste products

urea, toxic end products of catabolism, normally removed by kidneys

Viscosity

resistance to flow, 'stickiness'

osmolarity of blood

the total molarity of those dissolved particles that canny pass through the blood vessel wall

Hemopoiesis

production of blood, especially its formed elements

hemopoietic tissue

tissue that produces blood cells

hypoproteinemia

Deficiency of plasma proteins;

Extreme starvation

Liver or kidney disease

Severe burns

Kwashiorkor

Children with severe protein deficiency;

Fed on cereals once weaned, Thin arms and legs, Swollen abdomen

the red bone marrow produces what?

all 7 formed elements of blood

pluripotent stem cells

formerly called hemocytoblasts or hemopoietic stem cells

colony forming unit

specialized stem cells only producing one class of formed element of blood

myeloid hemopoiesis

blood formation in the bone marrow

lymphoid hemopoiesis

blood formation in the lymphatic organs

Erythrocytes are also known as

red blood cells (RBC)

functions of RBC

carry out oxygen from lungs to cell tissues, pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs

How is your blood type determined?

by the surface glycoproteins and glycolipids

cytoskeletal proteins

give membrane durability and resilience

RBC's major function

gas transport

What does hemoglobin consist of?

4 protein chains- globins

4 heme groups

heme groups

non protein that binds oxygen to ferrous ion at its center

what is transported in plasma?

nitrogenous wastes, nutrients, and dissolved gases

why is the liver considered apart of the circulatory system?

it produces most of the plasma proteins

what is the most common ion found in blood?

sodium

How do blood-viscosity reducing drugs increase blood flow?

by making the blood thinner and less sticky

hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow give rise to cologne forming units, which then give rise to __?

formed elements

how are plasma components continuously be replaced in the body?

most plasma proteins are produced by the liver; water, nutrients, and electrolytes are obtained in the digestive tract, gamma globulins are produced by plasma cells

iron

key nutritional requirement for producing blood

what conditions are associated with clotting disorders?

hemophilia, gallstones, malnutrition, leukemia

what condition is often accompanied by a decrease in the production of clotting factors

liver disease

hemophilia is most common in males or females

males

Why is thrombosis more likely to occur in the veins than arteries

Blood flows more slowly in veins and does not dilute thrombin and fibrin as rapidly

What terminal refers to a blood clot that breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream

Embolus

How does aspirin prevent clotting

It suppresses formation of thromboxane A2

What may activate platelets

Exposed collagen

Why don't platelets normally stick to the endothelium

We endothelium is Coated With prostacylin which repels platelets

What is the function of an antibody

To bind to an antigen and mark it for destruction.

What are agglutinins?

Antibodies a bind to red blood cell antigens

Which characteristic is shared by all leukocytes

Presence of a nucleus

What is the purpose of a differential white blood cell count

determine the percentage of each leukocyte in a sample of blood

What test provides information about red blood cells white blood cells and platelet count

CBC - complete blood count

Severe extensive burns, starvation and liver disease can lead to which of the following

Hyperproteinemia

Which term refers to clusters of stem cells that form in the yolk sack, then migrate into the embryo to colonize the liver, spleen, sinus and bone marrow

Blood islands

Which organ stops producing red blood cells are earth, but continues to produce lymphocytes in the adult

Spleen

Carbohydrates, proteins, and water are transported from the digestive system to the body's cells in which of the following fluids

Blood plasma

What is the first response to a blood vessel injury

vascular spasm

Which a granulocyte is small round with a relatively large, centrally located nucleus

Lymphocyte

Which granulocyte is aggressively antibacterial, and has a band shaped nucleus when young

Neutrophil

What are some possible causes of leukocytosis

Dehydration, infection, allergy

What are some functions of macrophages

Destroy foreign antigens, present antigens, phagocytize dead cells

_____ ______ is typified by uncontrolled production of agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) and a granulocyte precursor

Lymphoid leukemia

Fetal hemoglobin consist of which of the following

2 Alpha and 2 gamma chains

How is fetal hemoglobin functionally difference in adult hemoglobin

It binds oxygen more effectively

Under normal circumstances only 0.5 - 1.5% of the circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. Which medical condition my calls this number to increase

Excessive blood loss

What is the fate of BiliRubin in the intestine

It is converted to urobilinogen

Which condition can be caused by emphysema, high altitude, hypoxemia, or dehydration

Secondary polycythemia

Which condition is associated with high blood volume, high blood pressure and high blood viscosity

Polycythemia

What are some possible consequences of anemia

Decrease blood viscosity, decreased blood osmolarity, hypoxia

Anemia may current patients with kidney failure due to decreased production of which of the following

Erythropoietin

Blood loss stimulates accelerated erythropoiesis. This may cause an increase in the number of ______ circulating in the blood.

reticulocytes

Cancer of the erythropoietic line can lead to which of the following

Primary polycythemia

The term ___is used to describe a white blood cell count of over 10,000 cells/microliter

Leukocytosis

What is the role of plasma cells in the blood

Produce gammaglobulins

Which formed elements release vasoconstrictors, promote a blood clotting, initiate dissolution of clots, and growth factors

Platelets

___ is a condition in which the platelet count is less than 100,000

Thrombocytopenia

Why does eryhthropoiesis decrease with age

Pekingese a trophy and produce less EPO, gastric trophy maker, reducing intrinsic factor secretion, elderly people tend to get less exercise and eat less well

What are megakaryocytes?

Gigantic bone marrow cells that produce platelets.

Platelets contain what?

Lysosomes, granules, and mitochondria

Photo therapy and exchange transfusion together can be used to treat which of the following?

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Antibodies are examples of what

Gamma globulin

What is true about blood groups

There are many blood grouping schemes that describe over 500 antigens