Emotions and Motivation Flashcards

Flashcards about Emotions and Motivation based on lecture notes.

What are the components of emotions?

Physiological elements (changes in the body), cognitive elements (thoughts and evaluations), and influence on behavior.

What are emotional expressions?

Observable signs of an internal emotional state, which can be verbal or non-verbal.

Who identified six basic emotions that are expressed universally through facial expressions?

Paul Ekman

Name the six basic emotions identified by Paul Ekman.

Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust.

What are cultural display rules?

The regulations of emotional expression that vary across different cultures.

Which hemisphere of the brain is more active in perceiving emotional stimuli?

The right hemisphere

What is Alexithymia?

A condition where individuals have difficulty identifying and expressing emotions.

What brain structure plays a central role in processing fear and threat-related stimuli?

The amygdala

What part of the brain regulates the autonomic nervous system and links the nervous system to the endocrine system, affecting emotional arousal?

Hypothalamus

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in emotional responses?

Activates the 'fight or flight' response (e.g., increased heart rate, dilated pupils).

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) in emotional responses?

Promotes 'rest and digest,' calming the body after an emotional response.

What does the James-Lange theory propose about emotion?

Emotional experiences are a result of physiological responses to stimuli.

What does the Cannon-Bard theory propose about emotion?

Emotions and physiological arousal occur simultaneously.

What is the main idea behind Lazarus’ Cognitive-Mediational Theory?

Emotions are shaped by how we appraise or evaluate events.

What is motivation?

Internal and external forces that initiate, guide, and sustain goal-directed behavior.

What does the instinct approach to motivation suggest?

All organisms are born with instincts—automatic, unlearned behaviors triggered by specific stimuli.

What does the drive-reduction theory propose about motivation?

Motivation comes from a need to reduce internal tension and restore homeostasis.

What is the difference between primary and secondary drives?

Primary drives are innate and biological (e.g., hunger), secondary drives are learned (e.g., need for money).

What is the Arousal theory of Motivation?

People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal or mental stimulation; they seek stimulation when bored and reduce it when stressed.

What are Incentive Approaches to motivation?

People are motivated to act because of external rewards or incentives.

What is the central idea behind Cognitive Approaches to motivation?

Emphasizes the role of thought processes, such as expectations and goals.

What is intrinsic motivation?

Motivation that comes from within; the activity is done for its own enjoyment.

What is extrinsic motivation?

Motivation that comes from external rewards or to avoid punishment.

What are the five levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Physiological needs, Safety needs, Love and Belonging needs, Esteem needs, and Self-actualization needs.

According to Maslow, which needs must be met first?

Physiological needs

What are examples of physiological needs, according to Maslow?

Food, water, and shelter.

What are examples of safety needs, according to Maslow?

Physical safety, economic security, and health.

What are examples of love and belonging needs, according to Maslow?

Friendship, intimate relationships, and social groups.

What are examples of esteem needs, according to Maslow?

Self-esteem, respect from others, and achievement.

What are examples of self-actualization needs, according to Maslow?

Personal growth, creativity, and problem-solving.