Apush review

Unit 1: 1491-1607: Interactions in North America

Native American societies before European contact, European exploration and colonization in the Americas, the Columbian Exchange, and interactions between different cultures.

Importance of 1491

starts documentation of native tribes before columbus arrived

Aztec Tribe

-Located in Central/Mesoamerica

-Called Themselves Mexica

-Capital City was Tenochitlan, housing up to 300,000 people

-Had a written language, employed complex systems or irrigation

-Upheld fertility for land and the people (human sacrifice)

Mayan Tribe

-Located in the Yucatan Peninsula

-Developed large cities and made use of irrgiation systems and water storage

-Built stone palaces for rulers (believed they were descended from the gods)

Inca People

-Located in South America, Andes Mountains (Peru)

-Massive Empire (16 million people at its height)

-Fertile Mountain valleys where they grew potatoes and other crops, these were watered by the complex water systems

Maize

-Cornlike crop that all the tribes cultivated and grew

-As it went north, helped economic development and settlement of peoples.

Pueblo Tribe

-Located in the Southwest of the US (New Mexico and Arizona)

-Sedentary population, did not move around

-Farmers of maize, built masonry and adobe homes

-Highly organized with religious centers, administration offices and craft centers

-converted to christianity while maintaining native religion

Mississippi River Settlements

Hopewell People:

-Four thousand to six thousand in population

-Traded extensively with other tribes in florida and the rocky mountains

Cahokia People:

-Largest settlement in this region

-10,000-30,000 people

-Led by powerful cheiftans who controlled the government and engaged in extensive trade networks along the greta lakes

Iroquois Tribe

-Located in the Northeast

-Grew Maize, squash and beans.

-Built and lived in longhouses

Reasons for Exploration:

God:

This refers to the missionary zeal of European powers, particularly Spain and Portugal, to spread Christianity and convert indigenous populations.

Gold:

This represents the economic motivation of European nations to find and exploit valuable resources, such as gold, silver, and other commodities, for their own wealth and economic growth.

Glory:

This refers to the political and social ambitions of European monarchs and leaders to expand their empires, gain prestige, and establish their dominance on the world stage.

Land-based Trade Routes

-Largely controlled by muslim merchant

-Europeans couldn't establish a good trade relationship with Asia

-Europeans wanted a water based route to Asia

Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)

-Set out to find a pathway to Asia via the Atlantic Ocean

-Going around the whole of Africa

Trading Post Empire

-Portugal dominated the trading posts in africa and later dominated the Indian ocean trade

-Did this using maritime technology

Maritime Technology

-Caravels: only dedicated to trade, not war efforts

-Astrolabe & Stern Post Rudder: navigation devices

Isabella & Ferdinand (Spain)

-United spain under the catholic and christian banner

-Reconquered the iberian peninsula rom the moors

-Set out to spread christianity

Columbian Exchange (1492-1800)

The transfer of food, animals, minerals, people and diseases between africa, europe and the americas.

Hernan Cortes (1485-1647)

-Arrived in aztec territory with only 1,000 men

-the tribe eventually fell to cortes and his men because of the small pox disease

-europe, asia and africa all had immunity due to previous communication

Hispaniola

-The spaniards brought small pox to the island and killed the native arawak people

-dominican republic and haiti

Food from Americas to Europe

-Maize, tomatoes, potatoes, cacao, tobacco

Food/Animals from Europe/Africa to Americas

Rice, wheat, soybeans, rye, oats, lemons, oranges

Feudalism

peasants worked and lived on the land of a noble in exchange for armed protection

Capitalism

economic system based on private ownership in the free and open exchange market

Mercantilism

dominant european system at this time where it heavily relied on heavy government involvement

African Slavery (1501-1867)

-Switched from African society where slaves were prisoners of war

-People sold for the death of another person

-Slaves maintained legal rights and it was not inherited for the most part

-Goods (mostly guns) traded for people

-Europeans created a system to justify slavery, stating that the africans were inferior and not human

-Africans descended form Canaan (in the europeans minds)

Encomienda System

-Introduced by Christopher Columbus, where encomenderos were granted a portion of land and the natives who lived there were now a part of the labor force

-justified under religious beliefs

Hacienda system

similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners

Requerimiento

Legal document where the pop granted the spanish monarchy to claim lands in the americas and try and convert the people they found

Caste System in the Americas

-The lower in the caste system, the higher your taxes

-Peninsulares: born in spain on the iberian peninsula

-Creoles/Criollos: spanish but born in the americas

-Mestizos: those with spanish and native american ancestry

-Mulattoes: spanish and african ancestry

-Africans

-Native Americans

Hegemony

The domination of one nation over the other

Mission System

sent priests to the americas in order to convert the natives

Native Religious Beliefs

-Pantheists/Animist: natural world filled with spirits

-Land was not a commodity to be bought and sold

-Kinship networks of up to 70 people

Spanish Religious Beliefs

-Catholic: belief in a single deity

-Land existed for private ownership

-focused on nuclear family

Pueblo Revolt

-Pueblo people decided the europeans were the root of all their problems and rose up to revolt against them

-Killed 400 spanish and burned all the churches to the ground

-Spanish later returned to reconquer

Bartolome de Las Casas (1484-1566)

-spent many years preaching against the mistreatment of natives and argued if spain continued this torture, their souls would be lost to god

-those who survived would hate christianity as a result

-suggested africans replace natives in the labor force system

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Unit 2: 1607-1754: Colonial Society

Examines the development of colonial society, including the rise of different regional economies and social structures

Importance of 1607

first english speaking colony is established

Samuel de Champlain (1608, France)

Established Quebec. First permanent French colony in America

-the french favored trade over conquest

-fish and fur trade

-the french mainly established trading settlements

Ojibwe Tribe

-the french created alliances with this group which fostered cultural exchange

-the ojibwe helped the french with beaver and the fur trade

-the french helped the ojibwe bu introducing cookware, manufactured cloth and ways of farming