Exam 1

ears, taste, sight, smell, sexual reproduction,

Smell, taste, sight, hearing, equilibrium

Special senses include

Chemoreceptors, respond to chemicals in an aqueous solution

The sense of smell and taste utilize recepetors called….. which means they

lens

Flexible biconvex crystal-like structure

lacrimal gland

Gland that releases tears

Sclera

White of the eye

Cones

Type of photoreceptor cell that detects colors

Cornea

Transparent portion of the fibrous layer

fovea centralis

Area of greatest visual acuity

Vitreous humor

Type of gel-like substance located in the posterior segment

Retina

Layer that contains millions of photoreceptors

Optic disc

Portion of the optic nerve that lacks photoreceptor cells

middle ear

Tympanic membrane separates the outer ear from this region

Inner ear

Location of equillibrium receptors

inner eat

fluid filled part of the ear

inner ear

location of otoliths

inner ear

location of vestibular apparatus

outer ear

location of ceruminous glands

outer ear

Location of the auricle (pinna) and external acoustic meatus

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

the five taste sensations are ….

facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

What are the three cranial nerves that carry taste sensations to the brain

lacrimal

what gland releases tears onto the anterior surface of the eyeball

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Which cranial nerve transmits both hearing and equilibrium information to the brain

False

True or False: the olfactory receptors are responsible for detecting taste sensations

olfactory receptors, in the roof of the nasal cavity

The “organ” of smell is called ___and is located _____

olfactory receptors

The nose contains specialized chemoreceptors called olfactory

Mucus

What must occur for the receptors to be activated (why does sniffing “increase” sense of smell)?

loss of sense of smell

Can be causes by infection and head injuries

Define Anosmias and how it can be caused

taste buds

papillae contains ____

vallate papillae, fungiform papillae, filiform papillae

The three types of papillae

epiglottis

a

palatine tonsil

b

lingual tonsil

c

folliae papillae

d

fungiform papillae

e

vallate papilla

f

taste buds

g

epithelium of tongue

h

surface of the tongue

i

taste bud

J

connective tissue

k

gustatory taste cell

l

taste cell

m

basal cell sensory

n

sensory nerve fiber

o

the receptor organs

taste buds house the ___

most are on the tongue, soft palate, superior oart of the pharynx, cheeks

 

taste buds are located where

receptor cells for taste

gustatory cells are ____

project form the tips of all gustatory epithelial cells and extend through a taste pore to the surface of the epithelium, where they are bathed by saliva

what is the role of gustatory hairs

1\. Sweet receptors respond to sugars, saccharine, some amino acids

2\.  sour receptors respond to H+ ions or acids

3\.  Bitter receptors respond to alkaloids

4\.  Salty receptors respond to metal ions

5\.  Umami receptors respond to the amino acid glutamate or the beefy taste of meat

Taste sensations include

*Taste tends to decline. The number of receptors decrease over time and are replaced by basal cells, and the sensitivity of receptors decline. We usually see this around the age of 40.*

Taste tends to ____ with age and why

lacrimal canaliculus, lacrimal sac, lacrimal duct, nasal cavity

tears drain across the eye into the ______ then the _______ nasal ______ which empties into the _____

Dilute salt, mucus, antibodies, lysosomes

what substances do tears contain (4)

clean and protect, moist and lubricate the eye

Function of tears

enable the eyes to move in all directions of sight

Function of the extrinsic eye muscle

the white of your eye and connective tissue

what is sclera and what is it made of

Transparent, is in front of lens, allows light to pass through to lens, if damage it can repair itself easily

What is the cornea and can it repair itself if damaged

blood rich and nutritious layer and contains pigment which helps prevent light from scattering

What is the choroid

is the color of the eye and regulates the amount of light

what’s the iris and function

whatever color your eyes are

What is the pigmented layer of your eyes

opening layer in your iris, made up of smooth muscle tissue

what is your pupil and what is it made of

absorbs a light that prevents it from scattering and absorbs vitamin a

what is the outer pigmented layer

rods and cons

inner neural layer contains

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

inner neural layer contains what three types of neurons

rods, cones

the millions of photoreceptors contained in the retina are called (two types) __ and ___

blind spot

The spot where there are no photoreceptors in called

in the retina

night vision allows vision in dim light are located in ____ and therefore, are responsible for peripheral vision

*an interference with rod functions, potential causes is vitamin a levels therefore lack of retinol production, and aging*

what is night blindness and some potential causes

Cones, rods

*____* allows for detailed color vision and are denset in the *____*

Wave length

There are three types of cones, depending upon which wave length of visible light each is sensitive to; this allows us to see different color

*interference with cone function or lack of cones, more common in males,*

what is color blindness

Lateral to the blind spot, contains only cones, responsible for visual acuity, cause light can past almost directly to photoreceptors, lacks the vitreous humor

What is the fovea centralis, and what purpose does it serve?

biconvex on both sides (not flat), the lens is flexible and can change shape to make the image clear when light comes into the eye

What is the lens and some characteristics

cloudiness of the lens

What is cataracts

aqueous, or anterior chamber, aqueous humor, water like,

a.       Helps maintain Oculate pressure

b.      nutrients

c.       Reabsorbed into blood

The ______*(*__*or* __ _____)__ segment, which contains _____ ____This is similar in consistency to _____ _____ and functions include: (3)

pressure on the eye

What is glaucoma posteri

Posterior, vitreous chamber, vitreous humer, gel like,

a.       Helps main shape

b.      Helps maintain intraocular pressure

The ___ (or ____ ____) segment, which contains ____ It’s has a ____ ____consistency and it’s functions include: (2)

Go through the pupil, lens, refracted, pigmented layer (light is absorbed), neural layer of the retina, then its converted into electrical energy, accommodation, pupils constrict and eyeballs converge, images form on retina

Summarize the pathway of light through the eye to the retina

the lens adjusts and changes shape for things that are near and far away

What is accommodation

reversed, inverted, smaller

* Due to the convex nature of the lens, a “real image” is formed on the retina, which means it is _______________________, _____________________, and __________________ compared to the actual object.

normal vision

Emmetropia

nearsigted

Myopia

Farsighted

Hyperopia

Flattening of the lens

Astigmatism

retinal, opsin

A light absorbing molecule called ___combines with proteins called __to form visual pigments.

rhodopsin

Visual pigments capture light with the help of a special pigment called

phototransduction

When the visual pigments capture the photons of light, light energy is then converted into a graded receptor potential in a process called

retina, action potential

The steps of phototransduction take place in the __ and ultimately cause ___ to be transmitted along the optic nerve.

Optic disc

Bundle of axons that exit the back of the eye carrying impulses from the retina is called the

optic chiassma

The location where the optic nerves cross is called the

optic tract

_____ contain fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye

optic radiation

______  are axons from the thalamus that run to the occipital lobe

*Retina receptors, optic nerve, chiasma, optic tract, synapse, thalamus, optic radiation, synapse with occipital lobe (visual cortex),*

Summarize of the pathway of impulses from the retina to the point of visual interpretation

            Depth perception is the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and to judge the distance of objects. Your brain achieves it by processing different pictures from each eye and combining them to form a single 3D image

Depth Perception *– Briefly explain how we are able to see in 3D.*

Convergence

Reflexive movement of the eyes medially when we focus on a close object

Photo pupillary reflex

Bright lights causes pupils to constrict

Accommodation pupillary reflex

Close objects causes pupils to contrict

prebyopia, close vision

old vision” results from decreasing lens elasticity that accompanies aging is called _____ results in difficulty to focus for close _ ______

mechanoreceptors

The receptor in the ear respond to physical forces (e.g. vibration) and are called

collects sound waves and channels them into the ear canal, where the sound is amplified

function of Auricle (pinna)

collecting sound waves and conveying them to the eardrum

function of External acoustic meatus (auditory canal)