Mr.sinn ultimate study guide unit 3

Sensation

Raw data received from the five senses through sensory receptors.

Perception

The process of interpreting information obtained through the five senses.

Binocular cues

Depth cues that require the use of both eyes.

Monocular cues

Depth cues that can be perceived with one eye.

Convergence

Eyes moving inward for near objects and straightening for distant objects.

Retinal disparity

Each eye seeing a different part of an object, providing depth perception.

Sensory transduction

Process of converting external stimuli into neural signals.

Absolute threshold

Minimum stimulation required to detect a stimulus.

Sensory adaptation

Decreased sensitivity to a continuous stimulus.

Habituation

Reduced response to a repeated stimulus.

Weber-Fechner law

The idea that the difference threshold is a constant percentage of the stimulus.

Perceptual constancy

Perceiving objects with consistent properties despite changes.

Schema

Cognitive framework based on experiences guiding perception.

Perceptual set

Influences what aspects of stimuli are focused on and what is ignored.

Rods and cones

Visual receptors in the eye; cones for color and detail, rods for dim light.

Astigmatism

Irregular cornea shape affecting focus; cataracts:cloudy lens causing blurred vision.

Trichromatic theory

Color vision based on three types of cones sensitive to different wavelengths.

Opponent-processing theory

Neurons respond to pairs of colors in opposite ways.

Color blindness

Inability to distinguish certain colors.

Synesthesia

Condition where stimulation of one sense triggers another sense.

Top-down processing

Using prior knowledge to interpret information.

Bottom-up processing

Processing information as it comes in without prior knowledge.

Proofreader's illusion

Missing errors due to familiarity with the text.

Pinna

Outer ear part directing sound into the ear.

Eardrum

Membrane vibrating to transform sound into mechanical vibrations.

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

Bones in the middle ear amplifying sound to the inner ear.

Oval window

Membrane-covered opening in the cochlea amplifying sound.

Cochlea

Inner ear structure filled with fluid for hearing.

Organ of Corti

Contains sensory receptors for hearing in the cochlea.

Semicircular canals

Fluid-filled canals above the cochlea aiding in balance.

Stereocilia

Tiny hairs protruding from hair cells in the organ of Corti that convert vibrations in the ear to electrical impulses for the brain.

Frequency

Determines the pitch of a sound wave, with higher frequency waves corresponding to higher pitch sounds.

Amplitude

The strength of a sound wave measured from the peak or trough to the equilibrium, influencing the volume of the sound.

Place Theory

Specific hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies, enabling the detection of various pitch sounds.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Loss of hearing clarity, loudness, and sound range due to damage to cilia and the auditory nerve in both ears.

Conductive Hearing Loss

Inability of sound waves to pass through the outer, middle, and inner ear, often due to blockages or damage.

Cochlear Implant

Device converting sounds to electrical signals to stimulate the auditory nerve for signal transmission to the brain.

Hearing Aid

Amplifies sounds to aid in hearing different sounds in the environment.

Gustation

Sensation of tasting.

Papillae

Small structures known as taste buds that allow the experience of the five basic tastes.

Eating Food

Molecules stimulate taste buds, sending signals through the facial nerve to the brain for taste perception.

Phantom Limb Sensation

Pain felt in a missing body part.

Kinesthesis

Perception of body parts' position and movement.

Proprioceptors

Sensory receptors in muscles and tendons providing information on limb position and movement.

Vestibular Sense

Ability to maintain balance through fluid movement in the inner ear canals.

Sensory Interaction

Interaction of senses influencing each other to help understand the surrounding world.