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Muscles of the Anterior thigh and Key info
QIPPS: quadriceps, iliacus, pectinous, psoas, sartorius
Nerve: femoral
Insertion: femur
Muscles of the Medial thigh and Key info
(GO ADD BLM): gracilis, obturator, adductor: Brevis, longus, magnus
Nerve: obturator
Insertion: femur (-gracialias)
Action: adduct (-obturator)
Muscles of the posterior Thigh and Key info
Hammies (B So Serious): biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
Nerve: L5-S2
Origin: Ischium
Groin Muscles
PADD x3: pectinous, adductor: brevis, longus, Magnus
Muscles of the lateral thigh:
tensor fascia lata and ITB
Muscles of the Anterior leg and Key info
P(f)eet: peroneus tertius, extensor digit longus, extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior
Nerve: deep femoral
Action: dorsiflex
Muscles of the lateral leg and key info
PBL: peroneus brevis, peroneus longus
Nerve: superficial fibular(peroneal)
action: evert foot
Muscles of the posterior superficial leg and Key info
GPS: gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus
Nerve: tibial
action: plantar flex
Insert: post. calcaneous
Muscles of the posterior deep leg and Key info
Popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorium longus, tibialis posterior
Nerve: tibial
Action: plantar flex
-most insert to toes
How many regions are in the lower limb? What are they?
6
-gluteal, femoral, knee, leg, ankle, foot
What is the main function of the pelvic girdle?
transfer weight of upper body
Features of the proximal end of the femur:
femoral head, femoral neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter
Features of the distal end of the femur:
lateral and medial epicondyles, lateral and medial condyles, patellar surface
What supplies blood to the femoral head?
medial femoral circumflex a.
-disruption of supply leads to avascular necrosis
How is the patella attached to the quadriceps?
superior attachment - tendons of quadriceps
Tibia features:
medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial plateau, tibial tuberosity
Describe the fibula:
lies posterolateral to tibia; not involved with weight bearing
-major function is for muscle attachment
What are the ligaments of the knee?
LAMP
-lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
-anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
-medial collateral ligament (MCL)
-posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
role of the ACL
prevents hyperextension and posterior displacement
role of the PCL
prevents hyperflexion and anterior displacement of femur
What is the role of the meniscus?
protects the tibia and femur from rubbing on each other (shock absorption)
-both lateral and medial (know locations)
Name the bursae of the knee
suprapatellar, prepatellar, infrapatellar -deep, infrapatellar -superficial
What are the bones of the foot?
tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), phalanges (14) 3 for each digit except for great toe (2)
What are the 7 tarsals?
calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform
lateral ankle ligaments
CAP
calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)
anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL)
1st metatarsal
shorter, stouter
significant role in supporting weight of body
-has sesamoid bones
which metatarsal is the longest?
2nd metatarsal
1st digit of the foot:
great toe -has 2 phalanges (proximal and distal)
Which nerve innervates the anterior thigh, hip flexors, and knee extensors?
femoral nerve
what 3 muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh (hamstrings)?
biceps femoris m., semitendinosus m., semimembranosus m.
Which 4 muscles make up the quadriceps femurs?
rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m., vastus intermedius m., vastus medialis m.
What is the longest muscle in the body? (know as the “tailor’s muscle)
sartorius m. (crosses two joints (hip & knee))
What is collectively the most powerful muscle in the body?
Quadricep muscles
What nerve is the primary innervation for the medial compartment of the thigh?
obturator n.
What muscles make up the medial compartment of the thigh?
adductor longus m., adductor brevis m., adductor Magnus m., gracilis m., obturator externus m.
What is the most superficial muscle on the medial thigh?
Gracilis m.
What is the femoral triangle bounded by?
Inguinal ligament (superiorly) (forms the base)
Sartorius m. (laterally)
Adductor longus m. (medially)
What is the femoral triangle?
subfascial space located in the anterosuperior 1/3 of the thigh
What muscles compose the floor of the femoral triangle?
medially - pectinous and adductor longus
laterally - iliopsoas
Contents of the femoral triangle
NAVeL
femoral Nerve, femoral Artery, femoral Vein, deep inguinal Lymph nodes
What does the femoral sheath hold?
encloses femoral vessels, not nerves
creates a canal for the femoral artery, femoral vein, and femoral canal
What is the chief artery of the lower limb?
femoral artery
What is the chief artery of the thigh?
profunda femoris artery
Venous drainage of the lower limb
greater saphenous v., femoral v., external iliac v., common iliac v.
What is the function of the sciatic nerve?
supplies most of the leg and foot muscles
Where does the sciatic nerve split? What does it split into?
divides into tibial and common fibular (perineal) nerves in popliteal fossa
Where does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvis?
exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
biceps femoris m. (superior lateral)
Semimembranosus m. & semitendinosus m. (superior medial)
gastrocnemius m. (inferolateral and inferomedial)
What does the popliteal fossa contain?
small saphenous v., popliteal artery & vein, sciatic n.
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?
tibialis anterior m., extensor digitorum longus m., extensor hallucis longus m., peroneus (fibularis) tertius m.
What is in the lateral compartment of the leg?
peroneus (fibularis) longus m. , peroneus (fib) brevis m., superficial peroneal n.
-NO arteries course through lateral compartment
Where does the superficial perineal n. most commonly get injured? What does this lead to?
most often injured in the lower limb; results in foot drop, loss of dorsiflexion of ankle
What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
tibial nerve
superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
gastrocnemius m., soleus m., plantaris m.
deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
popliteus m., flexor hallucis longus m., flexor digitorum longus m., tibialis posterior m.
Where can the dorsalis pedis artery be palpated?
lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon
Where does inversion of the ankle occur?
occurs at the subtalar joint
What muscles are involved with inversion of the ankle?
tibialis anterior m. and tibialis posterior m.
What muscles are involved with eversion of the ankle?
peroneus longus m. and peroneus brevis m.
muscles of supination
supinator and biceps brachii
muscles of pronation
pronator teres and pronator quadratus
What is the sternoclavicular joint (SC)?
bony articulation between pectoral girdle and axial
How many carpal bones are there in the hand?
8 carpals (2 rows of 4)
-make up the wrist
clavicle function:
protects neurovascular bundle
transmits shock/stress from upper limb to axial skeleton
Clavicle features:
sternal end: medial end enlarges where it attaches to sternum (manubrium) (SC joint)
acromial end: laterally articulates to the acromion of the scapula (AC joint)
medial 2/3 is convex anteriorly
Scapula parts:
spine of scapula, acromion process, sub scapular fossa, coracoid process
Lateral scapula features:
glenoid cavity fossa, supraglenoid tubercle, infraglenoid tubercle
Articulations of shoulder girdle
sternoclavicular joint (SC)
Acromioclavicular join (AC)
Scapulothoracic joint
Glenohumeral (scapulohumeral joint)
What does the clavicle articulate with?
manubrium of sternum and 1st costal cartilage
What is the location of the anterior SC ligament?
between clavicle and manubrium
The AC joint supports what movement?
gliding movement
Scapulothoracic joint features:
no bony articulation exists between scapula and thoracic cage
The glenoid fossa is unstable. what is it reinforced by?
ligaments and muscles
held in place by rotator cuff muscles
inferior part of joint capsule is the weakest area
ligaments of the glenohumeral joint
superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral
Coraco-acromial ligament function
prevents superior displacement of humerus
What is the largest upper extremity bone?
humerus
What features does the shaft of the humerus have?
deltoid tuberosity and radial groove
What condyles are on the humerus?
trochlea, capitulum, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa
What do the capitulum and trochlea articulate with?
cap: articulates with radial
troch: articulates with trochlear notch
What lies within the bicipital groove?
contains end of long head of biceps brachii
-located between greater and lesser tubercles
Radius location
lateral and shorter of the 2 forearm bones
-shaft enlarges distally
Styloid process
receives most of force from the hand
-part of the radius
Radial styloid process
articular surfaces for scaphoid and lunate bones of wrist
Ulna location
medial and longer of the 2 forearm bones
What does the trochlear notch articulate with?
trochlea of humerus
carpal bones and ulna
ulna does not articulate directly with carpal bones
What is the colles fracture?
complete fracture of distal 2cm of radius
most common forearm fracture
most common fracture in people over >50 yo
What nerves supply the elbow joint?
musculocutaneous, radial, and ulnar nerves
Carpal bone shape
shape is convex posteriorly, concave anteriorly
Wrist bone pneumonic
So long to pinky, here comes the thumb
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform (proximal; med→lat)
hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium (distal; med→)
How many metacarpal bones are there?
5; 1st metacarpal = thumb = thickest and shortest
How many phalanges are in each finger?
each digit has 3 expect the thumb
Proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP) location
between proximal and middle phalanges
Distal interphalangeal joints (DIP) location
between middle and distal phalanges
Brachial plexus is made up of what nerves?
C5-T1
ulnar n, radial n, median n, musuclocutaneous n
-innervates entire upper limb
Which portion of the arm does C5 innervate?
shoulder; musculocutaneous
Which portion of the arm does C6 innervate?
elbow; musculocutaneous
Which portion of the arm does C7 innervate?
wrist; radial
Which portion of the arm does C8 and T1 innervate?
hand; ulnar and median
Shoulder movements
abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, medial rotation, lateral rotation, elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, rotation