Anatomy E4 Main points

Muscles of the Anterior thigh and Key info

QIPPS: quadriceps, iliacus, pectinous, psoas, sartorius

Nerve: femoral

Insertion: femur

Muscles of the Medial thigh and Key info

(GO ADD BLM): gracilis, obturator, adductor: Brevis, longus, magnus

Nerve: obturator

Insertion: femur (-gracialias)

Action: adduct (-obturator)

Muscles of the posterior Thigh and Key info

Hammies (B So Serious): biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Nerve: L5-S2

Origin: Ischium

Groin Muscles

PADD x3: pectinous, adductor: brevis, longus, Magnus

Muscles of the lateral thigh:

tensor fascia lata and ITB

Muscles of the Anterior leg and Key info

P(f)eet: peroneus tertius, extensor digit longus, extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior

Nerve: deep femoral

Action: dorsiflex

Muscles of the lateral leg and key info

PBL: peroneus brevis, peroneus longus

Nerve: superficial fibular(peroneal)

action: evert foot

Muscles of the posterior superficial leg and Key info

GPS: gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus

Nerve: tibial

action: plantar flex

Insert: post. calcaneous

Muscles of the posterior deep leg and Key info

Popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorium longus, tibialis posterior

Nerve: tibial

Action: plantar flex

-most insert to toes

How many regions are in the lower limb? What are they?

6

-gluteal, femoral, knee, leg, ankle, foot

What is the main function of the pelvic girdle?

transfer weight of upper body

Features of the proximal end of the femur:

femoral head, femoral neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter

Features of the distal end of the femur:

lateral and medial epicondyles, lateral and medial condyles, patellar surface

What supplies blood to the femoral head?

medial femoral circumflex a.

-disruption of supply leads to avascular necrosis

How is the patella attached to the quadriceps?

superior attachment - tendons of quadriceps

Tibia features:

medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial plateau, tibial tuberosity

Describe the fibula:

lies posterolateral to tibia; not involved with weight bearing

-major function is for muscle attachment

What are the ligaments of the knee?

LAMP

-lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

-anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

-medial collateral ligament (MCL)

-posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

role of the ACL

prevents hyperextension and posterior displacement

role of the PCL

prevents hyperflexion and anterior displacement of femur

What is the role of the meniscus?

protects the tibia and femur from rubbing on each other (shock absorption)

-both lateral and medial (know locations)

Name the bursae of the knee

suprapatellar, prepatellar, infrapatellar -deep, infrapatellar -superficial

What are the bones of the foot?

tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), phalanges (14) 3 for each digit except for great toe (2)

What are the 7 tarsals?

calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform

lateral ankle ligaments

CAP

calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)

anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)

posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL)

1st metatarsal

shorter, stouter

significant role in supporting weight of body

-has sesamoid bones

which metatarsal is the longest?

2nd metatarsal

1st digit of the foot:

great toe -has 2 phalanges (proximal and distal)

Which nerve innervates the anterior thigh, hip flexors, and knee extensors?

femoral nerve

what 3 muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh (hamstrings)?

biceps femoris m., semitendinosus m., semimembranosus m.

Which 4 muscles make up the quadriceps femurs?

rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m., vastus intermedius m., vastus medialis m.

What is the longest muscle in the body? (know as the “tailor’s muscle)

sartorius m. (crosses two joints (hip & knee))

What is collectively the most powerful muscle in the body?

Quadricep muscles

What nerve is the primary innervation for the medial compartment of the thigh?

obturator n.

What muscles make up the medial compartment of the thigh?

adductor longus m., adductor brevis m., adductor Magnus m., gracilis m., obturator externus m.

What is the most superficial muscle on the medial thigh?

Gracilis m.

What is the femoral triangle bounded by?

Inguinal ligament (superiorly) (forms the base)

Sartorius m. (laterally)

Adductor longus m. (medially)

What is the femoral triangle?

subfascial space located in the anterosuperior 1/3 of the thigh

What muscles compose the floor of the femoral triangle?

medially - pectinous and adductor longus

laterally - iliopsoas

Contents of the femoral triangle

NAVeL

femoral Nerve, femoral Artery, femoral Vein, deep inguinal Lymph nodes

What does the femoral sheath hold?

encloses femoral vessels, not nerves

creates a canal for the femoral artery, femoral vein, and femoral canal

What is the chief artery of the lower limb?

femoral artery

What is the chief artery of the thigh?

profunda femoris artery

Venous drainage of the lower limb

greater saphenous v., femoral v., external iliac v., common iliac v.

What is the function of the sciatic nerve?

supplies most of the leg and foot muscles

Where does the sciatic nerve split? What does it split into?

divides into tibial and common fibular (perineal) nerves in popliteal fossa

Where does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvis?

exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

biceps femoris m. (superior lateral)

Semimembranosus m. & semitendinosus m. (superior medial)

gastrocnemius m. (inferolateral and inferomedial)

What does the popliteal fossa contain?

small saphenous v., popliteal artery & vein, sciatic n.

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

tibialis anterior m., extensor digitorum longus m., extensor hallucis longus m., peroneus (fibularis) tertius m.

What is in the lateral compartment of the leg?

peroneus (fibularis) longus m. , peroneus (fib) brevis m., superficial peroneal n.

-NO arteries course through lateral compartment

Where does the superficial perineal n. most commonly get injured? What does this lead to?

most often injured in the lower limb; results in foot drop, loss of dorsiflexion of ankle

What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?

tibial nerve

superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

gastrocnemius m., soleus m., plantaris m.

deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

popliteus m., flexor hallucis longus m., flexor digitorum longus m., tibialis posterior m.

Where can the dorsalis pedis artery be palpated?

lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon

Where does inversion of the ankle occur?

occurs at the subtalar joint

What muscles are involved with inversion of the ankle?

tibialis anterior m. and tibialis posterior m.

What muscles are involved with eversion of the ankle?

peroneus longus m. and peroneus brevis m.

muscles of supination

supinator and biceps brachii

muscles of pronation

pronator teres and pronator quadratus

What is the sternoclavicular joint (SC)?

bony articulation between pectoral girdle and axial

How many carpal bones are there in the hand?

8 carpals (2 rows of 4)

-make up the wrist

clavicle function:

protects neurovascular bundle

transmits shock/stress from upper limb to axial skeleton

Clavicle features:

sternal end: medial end enlarges where it attaches to sternum (manubrium) (SC joint)

acromial end: laterally articulates to the acromion of the scapula (AC joint)

medial 2/3 is convex anteriorly

Scapula parts:

spine of scapula, acromion process, sub scapular fossa, coracoid process

Lateral scapula features:

glenoid cavity fossa, supraglenoid tubercle, infraglenoid tubercle

Articulations of shoulder girdle

sternoclavicular joint (SC)

Acromioclavicular join (AC)

Scapulothoracic joint

Glenohumeral (scapulohumeral joint)

What does the clavicle articulate with?

manubrium of sternum and 1st costal cartilage

What is the location of the anterior SC ligament?

between clavicle and manubrium

The AC joint supports what movement?

gliding movement

Scapulothoracic joint features:

no bony articulation exists between scapula and thoracic cage

The glenoid fossa is unstable. what is it reinforced by?

ligaments and muscles

held in place by rotator cuff muscles

inferior part of joint capsule is the weakest area

ligaments of the glenohumeral joint

superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral

Coraco-acromial ligament function

prevents superior displacement of humerus

What is the largest upper extremity bone?

humerus

What features does the shaft of the humerus have?

deltoid tuberosity and radial groove

What condyles are on the humerus?

trochlea, capitulum, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa

What do the capitulum and trochlea articulate with?

cap: articulates with radial

troch: articulates with trochlear notch

What lies within the bicipital groove?

contains end of long head of biceps brachii

-located between greater and lesser tubercles

Radius location

lateral and shorter of the 2 forearm bones

-shaft enlarges distally

Styloid process

receives most of force from the hand

-part of the radius

Radial styloid process

articular surfaces for scaphoid and lunate bones of wrist

Ulna location

medial and longer of the 2 forearm bones

What does the trochlear notch articulate with?

trochlea of humerus

carpal bones and ulna

ulna does not articulate directly with carpal bones

What is the colles fracture?

complete fracture of distal 2cm of radius

most common forearm fracture

most common fracture in people over >50 yo

What nerves supply the elbow joint?

musculocutaneous, radial, and ulnar nerves

Carpal bone shape

shape is convex posteriorly, concave anteriorly

Wrist bone pneumonic

So long to pinky, here comes the thumb

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform (proximal; med→lat)

hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium (distal; med→)

How many metacarpal bones are there?

5; 1st metacarpal = thumb = thickest and shortest

How many phalanges are in each finger?

each digit has 3 expect the thumb

Proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP) location

between proximal and middle phalanges

Distal interphalangeal joints (DIP) location

between middle and distal phalanges

Brachial plexus is made up of what nerves?

C5-T1

ulnar n, radial n, median n, musuclocutaneous n

-innervates entire upper limb

Which portion of the arm does C5 innervate?

shoulder; musculocutaneous

Which portion of the arm does C6 innervate?

elbow; musculocutaneous

Which portion of the arm does C7 innervate?

wrist; radial

Which portion of the arm does C8 and T1 innervate?

hand; ulnar and median

Shoulder movements

abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, medial rotation, lateral rotation, elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, rotation