Chapter 13 BB (addiction)

addiction definintion

chronic brain disorder that affects the body by physical and psychological disease

drugs of abuse hurts the

limbic system

drugs of abuse acts as imposters that

mimick the messages of natrually accruing neurotransmitters in our brain circuits

in the body, heroin is converted back to morphine, which

binds to opioid receptors, switching on brain’s rewardsystem and releasing dopamine

endorphins are

natural opioids made by the pituitary gland

treatment for opiods such as heroin, morphine, and oxycodone.

naxolone, binds to opioid receptors and prevents an opido from binding

nictine attaches to ______ receptors and triggers many neurotransmitters, dopamine released

nicotinic acetylcholine

treatment for nicotine

nicotine gum, inhalers, or varenicline, slings to special type of nicotonic a. receptor

alchohol’s ethanol targets _____ receptors, calms anxiety and weakens muscles. also targets ___, altering mood and memory

GABA, NMDA

heavy ehthanol usage can cause damage to

cerebellum (aqquired cerebelluar degeneration)

psychostimulants

chemicals that excite the brain, temporary boost to physical and mental function

phsycostimulants flood brain with

treatment

acts in this brain region, which does what

dopamine

cog. behaboiral therapy

acts in the prefrontal cortex, promoting arousal and quickied thinking

withdrawal define

when lack

of a drug causes the body to react with

unpleasant or life-threatening physi-

cal symptoms.

genes linked to addiction fall into two catagories

affect how brain circuits respond to drugs

influence the way the body metabolizes drugs

two drugs that can be a treatment options for opioid addiction, and serve as “alternates”

methadone and bupernorphine

describe how methadone and buprenorphine work, and of the two, which is safer

they stimulate opioid receptors, but produce a limited high, and reduce withdrawal symptoms from other opioids.

buprenorphine is more safe bc its weaker effect, and can be prescribed in office setting

what is the leading cause of preventable death in the US

tobacco use

also used for opioid addiction, this can also be used for nicotine addiction

buprenorphine

cirrhosis definition

cirrhosis, a late-stage of scarring of the liver.

define a diuretic and an exmaple

a substance that pulls water from body tissues and can cause dehydration, ethanol

alcohol use disorder- 3 symptoms and suffer from ____loss

unsteady gait, tremors, and slurred speech;

memory loss

alcohol use disorder is cause by damage

to cerebellu

name 3 medications used to treat alcohol adddiction

(disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamprosate) are used to treat alcohol addiction

what does marijuana contain that travels from the lungs to the blood and then into the brain, distorts perception and alters a person’s sense of time, space, and self.

THC

long term marijuana use is linked to what psysiologal disease

schizophrenia

Our brains make a natural form of THC called

anandamide

what part of the brain has many THC receptors, explaining the effects of marijuana on short term memory

hippocampus

name a compound in marrijuana that can control epileptic seizures, relieve pain and inflammation, and possibly even treat mental illness and addiction

cannabidiol, or CBD

marijuana has been widely regarded as a treat-ment for reducing nausea associated with ____--

chemotherapy

what are often abused by high school and college students?

amphetamines

what is a common amphetamine that is prescribed?

Aderall

what is used to treat ADHD

Aderall

what two methylphendiates are used to treat narcolepsy

Ritalin and Concerta.

why is meth so destructive to the brain?

Meth, in particular, is quite destructive to the brain itself, as it generates harmful sub-stances called free radicals that destroy dopamine neuron

dsescribe how pyschostimulants work

quick high, then comes and unpleasant crash that encourages more wealth and can be overwhelming

low doses of psychostimulants can actually improve the brain’s

executive function, and help with impulse and emotional control

The neurotrans-mitter systems that scientists are targeting to Quall cravings and withdrawal for psychostimulants include

serotonin, glutamate, GABA

Still-experimen-tal meth treatments focus on entirely new targets, such as

brains microglia, or immune cells

oxytocin

define designer and club drugs

designer drugs such as “bath salts” and “spice” (synthetic marijuana) are synthetic legal substances with psychoactive effect

examples of club drugs

MDMA. Ecstasy, Molly (same drug under different names)

Roofies (rophynol)

GHB

ketamine

which of the designer and club drugs are stimulants

ecstasy (or called molly, MDMA)

which of the designer and club drugs are depressants

GHB, ketamine, roofies (rohypnol)

describe how ecstasy works

swallowed and works within 30-45 minutes. effects last several hours

boosts levels serotonin then depletes it

Chronic Ecstasy use leads to long-term changes in areas of the brain critical for thought, memory, and pleasure- caused by damage to serotonin circuits

what is ecstasy similar to?

amphetamine, and the hallucinogen mescaline

mescaline, a hallucinogen occurs naturally where and has effects similar to

in the peyote cactus, LSD

rohypnol and GHB mimic _____

benzodiazepines like Valium because they are depressants

rohypnol and GHB have been used maliciously for

“date-rpe” drugs

ketamine is legally used as a

veterinary anesthetic

how does ketamine work, effects

works within 10 minutes, induced trance-like state. hallucinogenic effects last one or two hoursketami

ketamine altered signalling of what neurotransmitter

glutamate

ketamine is being considered for use as a treatment for what___-and why is this surpising

depression, glutamate is a non traditional target for antidepressant medications.