Biology Exam 3

What is an organism chemical process that is very sensitive to temperature changes?

Metabolism

T/F: All Organisms have a temperature range in which they can function.

True.

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There is a certain temps.

What is the definition of thermoregulation?

Maintenance of range (Controlling/adjusting heat exchange between animals and environment)

What are the two groups that are based of how they get their heat source?

Ectotherms, Endotherms

What is the definition of ectotherms and examples?

(Cold Blooded); Warms body by absorbing heat from the environment.

Examples: Inverts. Fish, Amphibians, and reptiles.

What is the definition of the endotherms and examples?

(Warm Blooded); heat from metabolism.

Examples: Birds and mammals

Which group (ectotherms or endotherms) tend to have a fairly constant body temperature regardless of the temperature of the environment?

Endotherms.

Which group (ectotherm or endotherm) solves some problems of living on land, movement is more difficult, allows more constant activity, costs more energy, but, allows more cellular resp. to occur also complex circulatory and respiratory systems.

THEY HAVE HIGH ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Endotherms.

What are the requirements of having a endotherm system in birds and mammals?

Complex respiratory, complex circulatory four chambered heart, high energy, and high activity levels.

What is insulation

Fur, Feathers, fat, Bubbler, (Think of a cat hair puffing up or a birds feathers), When fur/feathers is puffed up it creates a air pocket of heat that is better insulation.

What is Vasodilation?

When the nervous system tells muscles of blood vessels near the skin to relax- increase blood flow- allows more heat loss/ cool body

What is vasoconstriction?

When the nervous system tells the muscles of the blood vessels to tighten together, keeps body warm (thinking of a goose leg when swiming)

What is counter current heat exchanger?

In birds and marine mammals, arteries and veins in extremities run close together--warm blood in arteries warms colder blood returning to main body. (Toe to Heart)

What is another purpose of counter current heat exchanger?

Reduces energetic cost of warming returning, also cooling

What are some methods counter current heat exchanger cools off the body?

Panting (evaporation), sweating, bathing

Is basking behavioural?

Yes

Thermoregulation is controlled largely by what in terrestrial mammals

Feedback Mechanisms

What is the control center of the brain?

Hypothalamus

What are feedback mechanisms?

\-When the body temperature is monitored by nerve cells in skin, hypothalamus, and other parts.

\-There are cooling receptors or warming receptors

\-When the temperature is above normal, the cooling mechanisms are turn on (vasodilation) When the body is below average, the warming mechanisms are turned on (vasoconstriction)

When Vasodilation (cooling mechanisms) are turned on, what is activated?

Sweat gland activated (Evaporative cooling)

What is the cause of vasoconstriction during feedback?

To have less heat loss to radiation and more warm blood kept in deep tissue.

What are two factors that produce heat?

Shivering by skeletal muscles, hormonally produced warmth

What is an uncommon way an animal can keep their temperature?

Acclimatization.

What is acclimatization?

A process that some animals use to keep their body temperature normal.

\-Usually over serval days to weeks.

\-Requires changes in thermoregulation mechanisms

\-Also change in cells- ex. different enzymes are produced with different temperature ranges.

What are two examples of torpor?

Hibernation, Estivation

torpor is used to survive periods of ___ __and__ _____

Extreme temperature; lack of food

What is hibernation?

Allows animals to survive cold temps and lack of food in winter

What is estivation?

Allows animals to survive high temperature and lack of water in summer.

Why do small endotherms animals enter torpor daily?

Metabolic rates are so high that they can not survive periods of inactivity when not feeding.

What are some animals that enter torpor daily?

Bats, Humming Birds, and Chickadees

When does a bat enter torpor?

During the day when they do not eat.

When does a humming bird enter torpor?

During the night when they do not eat

When do chickadees enter torpor?

At night, body temperature may drop very low during winter nights.

What does BOTH water balance and waste disposal depend on?

Transport Epithelial tissue.

What are the characteristics of the transport epithelial tissue that water balance and waste disposal depend on?

Usually single layer of cells

May be part of system with channels leading to exterior

Function of tissue depends on composition of cell memebrane

Animals produce ___ __from metabolism of__ _______

Ammonia (NH3); Proteins and Nucleic acids

Is ammonia NOT a toxic waste product

NO

Ammonia can be excreted or converted to other compounds for storage excretion

True (Yes)

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

vena cava- right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery

Which of the following is a true statement of point B on the curve?

The neuronal membrane is depolarized and An action potential is being generated

The physical property that predicts the direction of water flow is referred as ________.

water potential

Lysine is an essential amino acid for animals. If an animal did not consume enough lysine in its diet, you might expect that animal to ______?

could not effectively make many necessary proteins

In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent?

embryo sac female gametophyte

Which stage in development occurs first?

Zygote

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 primary germ layers present in the triploblastic embryo?

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Mesoderm

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Pachyderm

Pachyderm

The protoplast consists of ________.

the living part of the cell, including the cell membrane

The loop of ______ connects the two convoluted tubules of the nephron

Henle

Nephron that extends into the medulla of the kidney

Juxtamedullary

__________ heat exchangers are used by some marine mammals and birds to reduce the cost of warming blood returning to the body from the extremities.

Counter Current

Nitrogenous waste product that is excreted by most aquatic animals but too toxic for storage by terrestrial animals

Ammonia

Very concentrated type of nitrogenous waste excreted by many reptiles and birds

Uric Acid

All of an animal's chemical reactions.

Metabolism

(All of this)

Relatively nontoxic type of nitrogenous waste excreted in urine of mammals.

Urea

Animals whose tissues are nearly isotonic with their environment.

Osmoconformers

Material in nephron after entering the Bowman's capsule

Filtrate

Much secretion and reabsorption occurs in the proximal and distal __________ tubules of the nephron.

Convoluted

An animal that acquires most of its body heat from the environment.

Ecotoherm

__________ (2wds) factor is a hormone that opposes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system in response to increased blood pressure and volume.

Atrial natriuretic

Enzyme that activates angiotensin II

Renin

Outer part of the kidney.

Cortex

The cup-shaped structure of the nephron where filtration of blood takes place is the __________ capsule

Bowmens

Hormone released in response to angiotensin II that signals reabsorption of water and salt by the distal convoluted tubules

Aldosterone

Marine fish (other than sharks) force excess ____ out of their bodies across their gill epithelium.

Salt

The body “thermostat”

Hypothalamus

Glands that release aldosterone.

Adrenal

____________ hormone is released in response to high blood osmolarity

Antidiuretic

When an animal changes its normal body temperature range, usually in response to changing environmental conditions.

Acclimatization

The ________ apparatus (JGA) monitors blood pressure and volume in the afferent arterioles of the nephron.

Juxtaglomerular

Ball of arterial capillaries where blood is delivered to the nephron for filtration

Glomerulus

Functional unit of the kidney

Nephron

Layer of cells around the human embryo that probably protects it from maternal immune action.

Trophoblast

The tissue lining the uterus is called the _______.

Endometrium

New follicles begin to develop at the beginning of the human _________ cycle.

Ovarian

This hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contraction during parturition.

Oxytocin

Male gonad.

Testies

Female Gonads

Ovaries

The _______ phase of the ovarian cycle begins right after ovulation.

Luteal

Female external genitalia: lips that surround vestibule.

Labia

Testosterone is an example of (an) __________.

Androgen

Female gamete

Ovum

_________ reproduction requires the fusion of gametes

Sexual

Type of female sexual cycle found in non-primate mammals.

Estrous

Type of asexual reproduction in which an organism splits in two

Fission

This hormone (abr) is released by the anterior pituitary and results in follicle development and, later, ovulation

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

The flow phase marks the beginning of the _______ cycle in human females.

Menstrual

Hormone secreted by the corpus luteum that causes development and maintenance of the endometrium and exercises negative feedback on the hypothalamus

Progesterone

In adult male mammals, the testes reside within the ______ outside of the body cavity.

Scrotum

Each ____ in the ovary consists of a single egg cell surrounded by supporting cells

Follicle

Repository for semen and forms birth canal.

Vagina

The ______ gland empties into the urethra. Its fluids help to neutralize pH and activate sperm.

Prostate

Type of asexual reproduction in which a new individual grows out of the parental body

Budding

Following ovulation, the remaining follicle cells give rise to the _______ _______.

Corpus Luteum

Accessory glands of the male reproductive system that secrete fluid that constitutes 60% of seminal volume.

Seminal Vesicles

In the human female, ________'s glands secrete mucus into the vestibule during arousal for lubrication.

Bartholin

Components of the testes in which sperm are formed

Seminiferous tubules

Describes and animal with both male and female reproductive parts (AKA hermaphroditic)

Monoecious

A sequential hermaphrodite that is female first during its life history

Protogynous

Male gamete

Spermatozoan

Production of ova

Oogenesis

This hormone (abr.) is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates development of the corpus luteum.

LH (Luienizing Hormone)