contemporary midterms

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• is an organization that is established by a treaty, or is an instrument governed by international law and possessing its own legal personality.

• are composed of primarily member states, but may also include other entities, such as other international organizations, firms, and nongovernmental organizations.

transnational corporation

• an enterprise that is involved with the international production of goods or services, foreign investments, or income and asset management in more than one country.

• share many qualities with multinational corporations, with the subtle difference being that multinational corporations consist of a centralized management structure,

• generally are decentralized, with many bases in various countries where the corporation operates

Non-Governmental Organizations

• are organizations which are independent of government involvement.

• are a subgroup of organizations founded by citizens, which include clubs and associations that provide services to their members and others.

• are usually nonprofit organizations, and many of them are active in humanitarianism or the social sciences

intergovernmental organization (IGO)

• refers to an entity created by treaty, involving two or more nations, to work in good faith, on issues of common interest.

• In the absence of a treaty an __ does not exist in the legal sense.

• IO's have the power of classifications; they can invent and apply categories such as “refugees.”

• IO's can fix meanings such as in the concepts of “security”

• IO's have the power to diffuse norms

Powers of International Organizations

security

as referring to safety from military violence as well as from environmental harm.

norms

which are accepted codes of conduct that may not be strict law, but nevertheless produce regularity in behavior

Treaties and charters organizations

__ are two of the many sources of global governance

Bentham and Kant

• Internationalists like ___ imagined the possibility of a world government, nothing of the sort exists today;

• There is no one organization where states are accountable to.

• No organization can militarily compel a state to obey predetermined global rules.

• There is some regularity in the behavior of states though; it becomes a global concern when they don't

Global governance

__refers to various intersecting processes that create global order

wartime Allied conferences in Moscow and Tehran in 1943.

idea for the UN, elaborated in declarations signed at the ___

US Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt

__suggested the name "United Nations"

January 1, 1942

first official use of the term occurred on __with the Declaration by the United Nations

During WW II, the Allies used the term__to refer to their alliance

Dumbarton Oaks Estate in Washington, D.C.

From August to October 1944, representatives of the U.S., United Kingdom, France, USSR, and China met to elaborate the plans at the__

China, France, USSR, UK, and the United States

the five permanent members of the Security Council

89 to 2

The U.S. Senate, by a vote of __ gave its consent to the ratification of the UN Charter on July 28, 1945

n December 1945, the Senate and the House of Representatives, by unanimous votes, requested that the UN make its headquarters in the U.S

n New York City

UN headquarters building was constructed in

UN headquarters building was constructed beside the East River on land purchased by an 8.5million dollar donation from

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked with:

Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague

UN HQ has other main offices in

January 9, 1951

UN HQ officially opened on

international territory

(UN HQ) The land is now considered

Article 3

Article 6

A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council

• Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic)

• Chinese (Written character: Simplified Chinese)

• English (British English with Oxford spelling)

• French

• Russian

• Spanish

The official languages of the UN are the six languages that are used in UN meetings, and in which all official UN documents are written

• Bengali

• Hindi

• Malay Portuguese  Swahili  Turkish

New proposed languages:

General Assembly (GA)

• is the main/ Cdeliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN

193

General Assembly, comprises all __ members of the United Nations

President and 21 Vice-Presidents

The Assembly has adopted its own rules of procedure and elects its__ for each session.

Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a ___ (GA

The Assembly meets from __each year, and thereafter from January to August, as required

Security Council

• has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security

• takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression.

  • It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement.

    In some cases, the __ can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security.

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

• The UN Charter established__in 1945 as one of the six main organs of the United Nations.

Trusteeship Council

• In setting up an International Trusteeship System, the Charter established the __as one of the main organs of the United Nations

• is made up of the five permanent members of the Security Council -- China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States.

• is authorized to examine and discuss reports from the Administering Authority on the political, economic, social and educational advancement of the peoples of Trust Territories and, in consultation with the Administering Authority, to examine petitions from and undertake periodic and other special missions to Trust Territories.

1. 1 November 1994

2. independence of Palau

Trusteeship Council suspended its operations on__, a month after the __, the last remaining United Nations trust territory

International Court of Justice

Peace Palace in The Hague

ICJ is based in the

Hague Academy of International Law

ICJ is sh

UN Secretariat

• It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by UN bodies for their meetings.

• It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.

1. Secretary-General

2. Deputy Secretary-General

The UN Secretariat is headed by the __, assisted by the _ and a staff of worldwid

Secretary-General

• acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN.

• The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's "chief administrative officer

Article 99

__of the charter states that the Secretary-General can bring to the Security Council's attention

"any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security"

a phrase that Secretaries-General since Trygve Lie have interpreted as giving the position broad scope for action on the world stage.

1. administrator of the UN organization

2. a diplomat and mediator

The office has evolved into a dual role of an __ addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues

five-year terms

Secretaries-General serve for __ that can be renewed indefinitely, although none so far has held office for more than two terms; most have served two terms

1. The Charter

2. General Assembly

3. Security Council

_ provides for the Secretary-General to be appointed by the - upon the nomination of the —

Permanent Members of the Security Council

the Secretary-General cannot be a national of any of the

English and French

The ability of candidates to converse in both__ is also considered an unofficial qualification for the office. (Secretary General)

World Health Organization (WHO)

• is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

• its main objective is "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.”

Geneva, Switzerland

WHO is headquartered in

1. 6

2. 150

World Health Organization has __ semi-autonomous regional offices and _ field offices worldwide

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

a specialized agency of the United Nations aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, the sciences, and culture

1. 193

2. 11

3. nongovernmental, intergovernmental, private sector

UNESCO has _ member states and — associate members, as well as partners in —

Paris, France

UNESCO is headquartered in

1. 53

2. 199

UNESCO has _ regional field offices and — national commissions that facilitate its global mandate.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

is a UN agency mandated to aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country

Geneva, Swit

UNHCR has over _ staff working in -

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

• is responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system

• Its mandate is to provide leadership, deliver science and develop solutions on a wide range of issues, including climate change, the management of marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and green economic development

• The organization also develops international environmental agreements, publishes and promotes environmental science and helps national governments achieve environmental targets

Maurice Strong

UNEP was established by _, its first director, after the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in June 1972

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

• is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security

• It was founded in October 1945

fiat panis

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’ Latin Motto

"let there be bread"

fiat panis means

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

• Is a United Nations agency responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide.

• include providing immunizations and disease prevention, administering treatment for children and mothers with HIV, enhancing childhood and maternal nutrition, improving sanitation, promoting education, and providing emergency relief in response to disasters.

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA

• a UN agency aimed at improving reproductive and maternal health worldwide.

• Its work includes developing national healthcare strategies and protocols, increasing access to birth control, and leading campaigns against child marriage, gender-based violence, obstetric fistula, and female genital mutilation.

United Nations Fund for Population Activities

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the __

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.

International Labour Organization (ILO)

is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice through setting international labour standards.

World Food Programme

• is the food-assistance branch of the United Nations.

• It is the world's largest humanitarian organization, the largest one focused on hunger and food security, and the largest provider of school meals

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

• is the United Nations' global development network.

• It promotes technical and investment cooperation among nations and advocates for change and connects countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life for themselves.

• provides expert advice, training and grants support to developing countries, with increasing emphasis on assistance to the least developed countries.

• works with nations on their own solutions to global and national development challenges.

• offers to help only if the different nations request it to do so.

United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR)

• was a functional commission within the overall framework of the United Nations from 1946 until it was replaced by the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2006

• It was a subsidiary body of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), and was also assisted in its work by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNOHCHR)

• It was the UN's principal mechanism and international forum concerned with the promotion and protection of human rights.

Peace

• is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence

• commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups

Negative peace

refers to the absence of direct, or "hot" violence, which refers to acts that impose immediate harm on a given subject or group.

Positive peace

refers to the absence of both direct violence as well as structural violence.

Structural violence

refers to the ways that systems & institutions in society cause, reinforce, or perpetuate direct violence

Just peace

refers to the absence of all three types of violence enumerated above: direct, structural, & cultural.

Cultural violence

refers to aspects of culture that can be used to justify or legitimize direct or structural violence—the ways in which direct or structural violence look or feel "right" according to the moral fabric of society

Peacekeeping

• is one among a range of activities undertaken by the United Nations to maintain international peace and security throughout the world, prevents the resumption of fighting following a conflict.

• prevents the resumption of fighting following a conflict.

Conflict prevention

• involves diplomatic measures to keep intra-state or inter-state tensions and disputes from escalating into violent conflict.

• It includes early warning, information gathering and a careful analysis of the factors driving the conflict.

• activities may include the use of the Secretary-General’s “good offices,” preventive deployment of UN missions or conflict mediation led by the Department of Political Affairs.

Peacemaking

• Generally, includes measures to address conflicts in progress and usually involves diplomatic action to bring hostile parties to a negotiated agreement

• __efforts may also be undertaken by unofficial and nongovernmental groups, or by a prominent personality working independently.

Egypt

first Arab country to recognize Israel

US President Jimmy Carter

brokering peace between Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Israeli PM Menachem Begin

The Elders

a group of former heads of states and governments dedicated to bring about peace

Peace enforcement

• involves the application of a range of coercive measures, including the use of military force

• It requires the explicit authorization of the Security Council.

• It is used to restore international peace and security in situations where the Security Council has decided to act in the face of a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression.

• The Council may utilize, where appropriate, regional organizations and agencies for enforcement action under its authority and in accordance with the UN Charter

Peacebuilding

• happens before a conflict starts or once it ends

• aims to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundation for sustainable peace and development.

• a complex, long-term process of creating the necessary conditions for sustainable peace.

• measures address core issues that affect the functioning of society and the State, and seek to enhance the capacity of the State to effectively and legitimately carry out its core functions

• stabilizing the post-conflict zone,

• restoring state institutions

• dealing with social and economic issues.

There are many different approaches to categorization of forms of peacebuilding among the peacebuilding field's many scholars. Barnett et al. divide post-conflict peacebuilding into three dimensions:

1st Dimension

Taking away weapons; Re-integrating former combatants into civilian society

2nd Dimension

Rebuilding basic facilities, transportation and communication networks, utilities; Developing rule of law systems and public administration; Building educational and health infrastructure; Providing technical and capacity building assistance for institutions; Creating legitimate (democratic, accountable) state institutions.

3rd Dimension

Trauma counseling; Transitional justice and restoration; Community dialogue; Building bridges between different communities; Increasing human rights; Gender empowerment; Raising environmental awareness; Promoting economic development; Developing a civil society and private sector that can represent diverse interests and challenge the state peacefully

Martin Luther King, Jr.

• ” Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be achieved by understanding.”

• “Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that”

The North–South Divide

socio-economic and political divide

the US, Canada, Europe, Israel, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan as well as Australia and New Zealand.

Global North

Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia including the Middle East

Global South

North

• : home to the G8 and to four of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.

• mostly covers the West and the First World,