Understanding Civil Law and Citizenship in Australia

Civil Law

Handles disputes between individuals or organizations.

Criminal Law

Protects society by prosecuting harmful actions.

Civil Rights

Fundamental freedoms ensuring equality and protection.

Civil Responsibilities

Duties like obeying laws and paying taxes.

Civil Liberties

Personal freedoms protected from government interference.

Civil Disobedience

Peaceful law violation to protest injustices.

Civil Society

Non-governmental groups promoting accountability and participation.

Civil Service

Neutral government employees implementing public policies.

Citizenship

Formal membership in a state with rights.

Naturalization

Process of becoming a citizen through legal means.

Dual Citizenship

Holding legal ties to two countries simultaneously.

Indictable Offences

Serious crimes heard in higher courts.

Summary Offences

Less serious crimes dealt with quickly.

Burden of Proof

Prosecution must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.

Plaintiff

Party bringing a lawsuit in civil court.

Defendant

Party accused in a legal proceeding.

Balance of Probabilities

Standard of proof in civil cases.

Torts

Civil wrongs causing harm or loss.

Constitution

Document outlining government structure and citizen rights.

Legislative Branch

Makes laws; consists of Parliament.

Executive Branch

Enforces laws; led by the Prime Minister.

Judicial Branch

Interprets laws; includes courts and judges.

Separation of Powers

Three government branches operate independently.

Federal Government

National government handling country-wide issues.

State Government

Manages state-specific matters like education.

Local Council

Addresses local community issues and services.

Civil Wrong

Action causing harm, leading to legal claims.

Compensation

Financial remedy awarded for damages in civil cases.

Injunctive Relief

Court order to prevent specific actions.