Community-as-Partner

What is the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary preventions?

Primary prevention focuses on stopping a health problem before it starts by reducing risk factors and promoting health, such as giving vaccines or educating families to prevent lead exposure.

Secondary prevention focuses on finding health problems early and treating them before they become serious, such as screening tests or checking children’s blood lead levels.

Tertiary prevention focuses on managing an existing disease or injury to prevent it from getting worse and to reduce complications, such as treating active tuberculosis or providing therapy for children with high lead levels.

what is Primary prevention

Prevents injury/disease; promotes health and protects against threats to health. It keeps problems from occurring in the first place by reducing susceptibility and exposure to risk factors.

• Examples: immunizing against a vaccine-preventable disease or providing educational strategies to parents to reduce the risk of lead poisoning

  • protected bike lanes

  • improved lighting and road signage

  • drunk drvinging lawa

  • healthy food access

What is Secondary prevention

Screening; detects and treats problems in their early stages. It keeps problems from causing serious or long-term effects to well-being.

• It identifies risk or hazards and modifies, removes, or treats them before a problem becomes more serious.

• It is implemented after a problem has begun.

• It targets populations that have risk factors in common.

• Programs that screen for chronic diseases are examples of secondary prevention. Another is conducting blood level screenings for lead poisoning for children younger than six.

What Tertiary prevention

limits further negative effects from a problem. It keeps existing problems from getting worse and reducing disability/long trem impact.

• It is implemented after a disease or injury has occurred.

• Provision of directly observed treatment to patients with active TB or treating a child with an elevated lead blood level of lead with appropriate therapies as well as advocating for the elimination of environmental and toxicity exposures are examples.

What is the difference between community-oriented and community-based nursing practice?

• Community-oriented nursing practice is a philosophy of nursing delivery that involved the nurse providing health care using a community diagnosis and uses the concepts that we are studying for the purpose of preventing disease and disability and promoting conditions in which people can be healthy.

  • Community focused

• Community-based nursing practice is a setting specific practice whereby care is provided to people where they live, work and attend school. The emphasis is on acute and chronic care and the provision of coordinated, comprehensive and continuous services.

  • Clinic/ people focused

What is the normal line of defense

the usual level of health or a measurement of health of a core or community. That level of health is achieved over time. It is important to remember here that it is not always a health condition that we are talking about.

• For instance, we know that the better educated people are, the better their health is. Thus, if a community has a high rate of graduates from college, this is an indication that the community has a higher level of health than a community with a low rate of graduates form college

what is flexible line of defense

1st line of defense(acts as buffer) represented by resources within a community that allow it to temporarily response to a stressor.

• For instance, during flu season, Metro Health adds more immunization clinics, longer hours and weekend times to ensure the accessibility of flu vaccines for the entire community

• examples: good sleep and nutrition, social support, health literacy and access to transportation

What is a line of resistance?

Internal mechanism that activate when a stressor has penetrated the normal line of defense. Help to protect the coreand reduce stress that can impact the community.

• Examples include: VIA public transportation, police department, or an emergency preparedness plan. Each of the subsystems should have strengths that protect the core from stressors.

how is a line of resistance different from a flexible line of defense?

flexible line of defense is temporary while lines of resistance exist throughout each of the eight subsystems and it always represents a strength that the community has.

• So think of the line of resistance as a strength within the community. For instance, in San Antonio, parks and recreations have added fitness centers at many of the major parks; so that people that are walking can stop and do some resistance training as well as work out on elliptical trainers.

What is a stressor

Any stimulus that disrupts balance (disequilibrium) in a community. Stressors can come from outside the community (e.g., air pollution from a power plant) or from within the community (e.g., closure of a neighborhood grocery store). Stressors have the potential to penetrate a community’s lines of defense, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

what is Degree of Reaction

The community’s response and outcomes after a stressor penetrates the lines of defense. This includes the health, social, and economic effects that result, such as the spread of COVID-19 and the economic impact caused by business shutdowns to control the virus.

what is community health

identification of needs and the protection of collective health within a geographically defined area

Public health Nursing

Nursing that is coummunity and most importantly it is population focused

what is public health

what we do together as a society to create conditions in which people can be healthy.

• It is everything

what do the terms upstream and downstream mean in terms of public health

• Upstream refers to addressing the root causes of health problems before they occur. This includes social, economic, and environmental factors such as housing, education, income, and policies that shape health outcomes.

• Downstream refers to responding to health problems after they have already occurred. This focuses on individual-level care such as medical treatment, disease management, and rehabilitation.

What is notable about Rome in terms of public health?

They developed aqueducts to provide fresh water and built public toilets to improve sanitation.

who was involved in germ therory and what was it

Germ theory is the idea that many diseases are caused by microorganisms (germs) that cannot be seen with the naked eye and can be spread between people.

Key people involved:

• Louis Pasteur – Demonstrated that microorganisms cause disease and fermentation.

• Robert Koch – Identified specific germs that cause specific diseases and developed Koch’s postulates.

• Joseph Lister – Applied germ theory to surgery by introducing antiseptic techniques, greatly reducing surgical infections.

what is the importance of edward jenner

he developed the first successful smallpox vaccine in 1796.

• By using material from cowpox sores to protect against smallpox, he pioneered the practice of vaccination, which eventually led to the control and eradication of deadly infectious diseases.

• His work laid the foundation for immunology and modern preventive medicine.

What is the importance of John Snow

he is considered one of the founders of modern epidemiology. He mapped cases of cholera in London in 1854 and traced the outbreak to a contaminated water pump, showing that diseases could be spread through water. His work helped establish the importance of clean water, sanitation, and disease prevention in public health.

What are the 3 core functions of public health

• Assessment: Monitor health, identify problems, and figure out community health needs using data.

• Policy Development: Educate and empower communities, build partnerships, and create policies to support health.

• Assurance: Make sure laws are followed, people get needed services, the workforce is competent, and programs are effective.

What is the Neuman systems model

nursing theory that views a person (or community) as a system that interacts with internal and external stressors.

• It focuses on prevention and maintaining stability.

• focuses on people’s relationship to stress, how they respond to it, and the recovery factors that help them return to stability after a stressful event.

what are subsystems and how many

they are how the community functions; 8 total

• Recreation

• Physical environment

• Education

• Safety and transportation

• Politics and government

• Health and social services

• Communication

• Economics