Chapter 3 Cellular Form and Function

Flashcards covering vocabulary and key concepts from Chapter 3 on Cellular Form and Function.

Cell theory

The scientific theory that states all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the simplest unit of life, and cells arise from preexisting cells.

Cytoplasm

The fluid and organelles between the plasma membrane and the nucleus of a cell.

Plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding the cell, composed of a phospholipid bilayer that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Osmosis

The net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.

Tonicity

The ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell.

Squamous cells

Thin, flat cells that have a scaly appearance.

Cuboidal cells

Cell shapes that are roughly square or box-like.

Columnar cells

Tall cells that are taller than they are wide.

Microvilli

Extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for absorption.

Cilia

Hair-like structures that project from the surface of some cells and help with movement and sensory functions.

Flagella

Long, whip-like structures used by cells for movement, such as sperm cells.

Endocytosis

The process by which cells take in materials by engulfing them in a vesicle.

Exocytosis

The process of releasing materials from the cell by vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane.

Mitochondria

Organelles that are the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP through aerobic respiration.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Proteasomes

Complexes that degrade and recycle damaged or unneeded proteins.

Aquaporins

Channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water across the plasma membrane.

Glycocalyx

A fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the cell surface, providing protection, immunity, and cell recognition.

Carrier-mediated transport

Transport of substances across the membrane via protein carriers, which can be facilitated diffusion or active transport.