Period 7

Isolationism

• A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

• The US's policy before they started imperializing

• Wilson's policy at the beginning of WWI. The US loaned money to both sides but originally didn't pick a side. (This changed with the Zimmerman Telegram cuz the US is really bad at staying out of things)

Committee on Public Information/Creel Committee

• Run by George Creel.

• The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war so that the entire U.S. public would support U.S. involvement in WWI.

• Creates a public relations campaign so that people support the war effort

• Super successful

Four Minute Men

• A group of volunteers authorized by Wilson to give four-minute speeches given to them by The Committee on Public Information.

• The speeches were short prowar propaganda speeches given at movie theaters as part of an effort to get public support for WWI and suppress dissent. (I actually drank coffee before starting this set so hopefully I won't fall asleep part of the way through!)

National War Labor Board

• Makes sure employers and laborers were chill with each other

• Tries to stop strikes

• Headed by William Howard Taft (Heads up to anyone using these: I got a part of my notes, including this bit, from Andrew, (which I appreciated), but uh- blame him for the wording!)

Home Appliances

• Vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, and washing machines were invented

• "Washing day" was designated on Monday.

• The largest group of goods bought in the 1950s, helped make housework easier & gave people more free-time (And we're learning this why?)

War Industries Board

• Government agency established to coordinate the purchase of war supplies during World War I

• Ex. If we need to build a new battleship, where are we going to buy the steel?

• Also deals with production priorities

Installment Buying

• A consumers buys products by promising to pay small, regular amounts over a period of time

• "Buying on credit"

• This led to the Great Depression (Oopsies)

Selective Service Act

• Law passed by Congress in 1917

• Required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft. If you're drafted, you fight in WWI

• Start with 100,000 peaks at 5 million

Radio

• Was used by Americans for advertising commercials

• Encouraged people to stay at home

• Speeches and propaganda could now be heard by millions (I have no idea if that's the definition the ID is asking for)

African Americans in WWI

• 400k black troops served

• Great migration: 1910-1970 African Americans moved north to take jobs in factories (Ex. Chicago, detroit, new york)

• Start of Harlem Renaissance because of great migration

• Black Churches become the centers of black communities

Charles Lindbergh

• American pilot who made the first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

• Done in 1927 (Why solo?? That seems like a poor life choice tbh...)

American Red Cross

• A disaster relief organization founded by Clara Barton to aid US military and conduct peace time relief work

• Women volunteered in non-profit organizations like this during WWI that helped fuel the war effort

Flappers

• Young women in the 1920s who challenged social traditions with their dress and behavior

• Symbolized the new "liberated" woman & a sign of changing morals.

• Were described as dressing in a "radical" fashion- short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. (If they thought that was radical I think they'd pass out if they saw the bra length crop tops some girls wear to school now...)

Effects of WWI

Acronym: HIRM (Yes I know that's not a word)

1. (H) Harlem Renaissance

2. (I) Increase of Immigration & Nativism

3. (R) Rise of the KKK

4. (M) Migration to Urban Centers & Increased Racism

Immigration Act of 1917

(Effects of WWI -> Increase of Immigration & Nativism)

• First major anti-immigration legislature past in 1900s

• Added to the type of people considered "undesirables"

• Ex. Gay people, "feeble minded" people, criminals, alcoholics, anarchists, epileptics, people from the Asiatic Barred Zone (which is an Area of Asia), and anyone over the age of 16 who was illiterate. (That is the strangest group of people to restrict.....also how would you know if someone was an anarchist?? Like I doubt they'd announce it...)

19th Amendment

• Gave women the right to vote in 1920

• The war work done by women (such as in the AEF) in WWI helps secure suffrage with the 19th amendment (Woo Hoo! Rights! 👏👏)

1921 Emergency Quota Act

(Effects of WWI -> Increase of Immigration & Nativism)

• Second major anti-immigration legislature passed in 1900s - Only three percent of any nationality can enter the country based on the 1910 census

• This census was taken before a lot of the immigration happened, so it severely limited immigration. Most old world immigrants were able to come still, but not southern/eastern Europe.

Alice Paul

• Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

• She opposed legislation protecting women workers because she said such laws implied women's inferiority (Lady...why......) (Also this is very much Period 7 part 2, not part 3)

1924 Immigration Restriction Act

(Effects of WWI -> Increase of Immigration & Nativism)

• Third major anti-immigration legislature passed in 1900s

• AKA the National Origins Act

• Only allows 2% of any nationality based on the 1890 census.

• Restricted immigration even more, and allowed for no immigrants from Asia

• Causes more Greek, Slavs, and Russians to leave the US than come to the US during this time period (1920s)

• Was in effect until 1965

Liberty bonds

(Example of Promoting the war effort)

• Bonds from government

• Because the US gov needs cash

• Government gets a loan from an individual and after a certain amount of time you get the money back plus interest

Tulsa Massacre

• 1921

• Large & sucessful African American population in Oklahoma

• They created an area called Black Wall Street, which caused resentment from the white people also in the city

• A young African American messenger gets on an elevator with a white female operator, and he was accused of raping her

• The father of the messenger and other businessmen like him go to the courthouse

• As they are leaving a lynch mob forms, a massacre occurs, and Black Wall Street is destroyed

Espionage Act

(Example of Suppressing Dissent for WWI)

• 1917

• Imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty

• It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection (Quick question have we ever tried actually listening to citizen's opinions?)

Birth of a Nation

• (1915) Controversial but highly influential silent film directed by D.W. Griffith.

• It demonstrated the power of film propaganda

• Revived/glorified the KKK and negatively portrayed both African Americans and Northern carpetbaggers

Sedition Act

• (1918)

• Makes it a crime to criticize the government

• Gets Eugene Debs arrested (Cue Cas geeking out over Eugene Debs. Good job tho Debs 👏)

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

• Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others

• Dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment which banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

• Worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S. (Is it just me or is this a kind of strange thing to be super passionate about? Like of all the major issues in the U.S. at the time...)

Schenck v. U.S.

• (War is over)

• Legal challenge of the sedition act

• Upholds the constitutionality of the Espionage and Sedition act

• "There are times where speech can be considered as criminal" & "Clear and present danger to US safety"

Volstead/18th Amend./21st Amend.

• The act which set federal punishments for the manufacture and sale of alcohol

• Supported the 18th amendment which established a nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol.

• (18th amendment was later repealed by the 21st amendment...great forethought US.....)

Four Causes of WWI

Acronym: (MAIN causes of the war) M: Militarism (The build up of larger militaries. Making more weapons. Stockpiling.) A: Alliances (Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire / Allied Powers: France, Russia, Britain, Italy) I: Imperialism (Europe had a lot of imperialistic policies like imperialism in Asia/Africa. Heightens tension & gives powerful nations more manpower and resources) N: Nationalism (Feelings of superiority in each European country. Tension between people.)

Bootlegging

• The act of making of transporting alcoholic liquor for sale illegally

• Going against the 18th amendment and Volstead Act (I'm sure there's some story behind the name but I'd rather finish these flashcards before midnight so I'm not looking it up!)

Franz Ferdinand

• Archduke of Austria-Hungary

• Assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.

• Most direct spark for for WWI (That seems like a teensy bit of an overreaction doesn't it...?)

Speakeasies

• An illegal bar where alcohol was sold during the time of prohibition. (Quizlet says it was called this because people had to "speak easy" so they were not caught drinking alcohol by the police. If someone actually gets what it means to "speak easy" then lmk...)

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• Germany goes back on the Sussex pledge (The promise from Germany saying they won't attack any more vessels after the Sussex without giving warning)

• One of the major causes for the US getting involved in the war

Teapot Dome Scandal

• Scandal during the Harding administration

• Involved the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money (To anyone reading this: I'm missing the connection between the definition and it's name...look it up if you feel like it cuz I'm not gonna!)

Lusitania

• US Passenger ship sunk by German U-boats (submarines)

• Lots of Americans die on it & the American public is outraged

• Wilsons says Germany will be held to "strict accountability for their actions" but this doesn't cause US to join WWI yet

Calvin Coolidge

• Became president when Harding died of pneumonia.

• He was known for practicing a rigid economy

• He was a republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

• Acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. (OK how do you spell aquired? Accquired?? Acquired??? I think it's that last one...)

Zimmerman Telegram

• Biggest cause of ww1

• Offers Mexico to join the central powers and attack the US first. In exchange they'll get the Mexican cession back (Texas, New-Mexico, Arizona, California)

• Britain intercepts the telegram and shows it to the US to get them involved on their side

• Wilson asks congress to join WWI on the side of the allies

• Saying we have to make the world "safe for democracy"

Fundamentalist Christianity

• Christians who believe the bible is divinely inspired and literally interpret it

• Began in the late 19th & early 20th century among Protestants as a reaction to theological liberalism and cultural modernism. (I have no idea what any of this means so I apologize if this is horribly wrong and I just offended someone who actually does the whole religion thing.....😶)

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

• Nickname given to anyone who fights or supports the war effort in WW1

• Many women engaged with this organization to support the war effort

• Lots of Native American men were fully integrated with white troops

• Black troops are racially segregated within it

• Many black progressives (Like DuBois) encouraged black men to enlist because it could fuel equality.

Scopes Trial

• Highly publicized trial in 1925

• Teacher violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school

• Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

14 points

• Wilson's idea trying to prevent another world war (so uh..)

• Acronym: "BOATS L" ⛵(Look- the L had to go somewhere)

  • (Boarders) Many points draw European borders (And Poland gets sovereignty! -Andrew)

  • (Oceans) "Freedom of the high seas" meaning free access to oceans for trade

  • (Armaments) Decrease in armaments across the board

  • (Treaties) No secret treaties

  • (Self-determination) Countries get to decide if they want to be independent

  • (League of nations): International peacekeeping organization

Big Four

• Italy, France, England, and the U.S.

• Countries that were decided to be the major powers and met at Versailles to discuss the WWI peace treaty (Sure the other countries loved that...)

Terms of Treaty of Versailles

• "Big four run the show" - (Andrew's notes not mine) Harsh penalties on Germany

• "Wilson just wants everyone to be friends, while everyone else want vengeance" - (Still Andrew's wording not mine I swear)

• Demilitarization

• 33 billion dollars in reparations

• Loss of territory & all overseas territories

• War guilt clause: Germany accepts all the blame for WW1

Balfour Declaration

• 1917

• Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary

• Promised land in Palestine as homeland for the Jewish people in exchange for their help in WWI

League of Nations

• A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. (This goes well I swear- we definitely don't have another global conflict -Andrew)

• It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League because it didn't pass in the senate

• Not having much actual power, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Irreconcilables

• Wilson signs the treaty of Versailles

• The senate doesn't ratify it since it's controlled by republicans who don't like the league of nations or article 10 (members have to help other members of the league if attacked)

• This group refused to join the league, no matter what

Reservationists

• Wilson signs the treaty of Versailles

• The senate doesn't ratify it since it's controlled by republicans who don't like the league of nations or article 10 (members have to help other members of the league if attacked)

• This group want some amendments and is led by Henry Cabot Lodge

Warren Harding/Return to Normalcy

• This was a United States presidential campaign promise in the election of 1920

• Idea of returning to the way of life before World War I (Not sure that's now that works exactly pal....)

Great Migration

• African Americans moving north to escape racism/lynching/limited economic opportunity

• Began the Harlem Renaissance

• They move into segregated neighborhoods because they are barred from living in other areas

• There is lots of violence towards the African Americans from the white people already living in the cities, proving the racism in the North (Ex. Chicago Riots & Tulsa massacre)

Marcus Garvey/UNIA

• African American nationalist

• Leader of the "back to Africa" movement who recognized the treatment of blacks was not improving

• UNIA is the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

1919 race riots

• 1919 in Chicago

• Tensions caused by job competition and racism

• White people start throwing rocks at an African American teen in the water and end up killing them.

• This causes multi-day destructive riots and many people are killed.

KKK intensity in 1920's

Second iteration of the klan (1915-1940)

• Difference from first time is that it is everywhere not just in the south. Over 8 million in the people in the clan and 2 thousand separate units

• Became a regular part of life / moved into the mainstream / getting elected by talking about upholding Christian morality

• Still very nativist & racist- less focused on secrecy and killings, and more spreading their message to everyone and playing on fears, and appealing to lower class white protestants

• Decline in the 20's: Many were arrested for corruption. Most were fully disbanded by the 1940s- but many people were just as racist. Became known as the Virginia Shore Patrol in VA

Anarchist/Communist

• Effect of WWI was fear of beliefs other than capitalism (Ex. Communists-Red Scare, xenophobia, & fear of Bolshevism)

• Strikes being portrayed as being led by Communists

• Anti Radical Crusade: Trying to weed out members of the community with communist ideas

• Red Raids: Led by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer. Suspected communists were taken into custody.

Sacco and Vanzetti

• Happening along with the 1912 Emergency Quote Act

• Accused robbery/murder done by these Italian Immigrants who admitted to being anarchist and atheist.

• They were found guilty on almost no evidence, most likely due to their beliefs

F. Scott Fitzgerald

• A novelist and chronicler of the jazz age.

• He & his wife, Zelda, were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression.

• Wrote the Great Gatsby (I'm realizing now what a weird mix of facts I just listed...)

Ernest Hemingway

• Lost Generation writer

• Spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI

• Won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954

• Notable works include A Farewell to Arms & Hills like white elephants

Gertrude Stein

• American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays.

• In Paris during the 1920s she was a central member of an American group including Ernest Hemingway.

• Her works include Three Lives, Tender Buttons, and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (Slayyyyyy)

The Lost Generation

• Name for the group of Americans living during WWI

• Veterans, artists, and intellectuals felt the loss of idealism and vision, & feeling the alienation and grief of the war.

• Gained a "Sense of Disillusionment" and lost belief in traditional moral guides

Harlem Renaissance

• Caused by the great migration

• Rebirth of African American culture and wealth

• Hub was the Cotton Club in Harlem, New York

• People would go to discuss new ideas and play jazz (Wouldn't recommend trying to discuss WHILE playing jazz tho, that would be a little complicated)

Cotton Club

• A speak easy where African Americans played jazz

• Most famous Harlem Renaissance hub (Almost done making this ID set!! 🎉)

Claude McKay

• A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance

• Showed the struggles of ordinary African Americans

• Wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

Langston Hughes

• African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music.

• He wrote about African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem in his works "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"

• Known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance

Zora Neale Hurston

• African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance

• She wanted to save African American folklore so she traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs & prayers of Black southerners.

• Wrote "Mules and Men" and "Their eyes were watching God" (This is really cool- I'm gonna try to remember to google her more when it's not way too late at night)

Jazz and Blues

• Popular music that originated among African American people

• Popularized during the Harlem Renaissance

• Characterized by it's unique rhythms (I could geek out about this more but I'm gonna spare anyone who's using these and not)

Duke Ellington

• Born in Chicago middle class and moved to Harlem in 1923

• Began playing at the cotton club

• Composer, pianist and band leader

• One of the most influential figures in jazz (See, I think history would actually stick in my head if more of it had to do with music 😂)

Louis Armstrong

• Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance

• Talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later jazz musicians. 🎺🎺🎺🎺🎺🎺

Eugenics

• The science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics (I'm missing how this connects to what we're learning about rn- but this is so creepy.....)

Consumerism

• A movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

• Preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods.

Model T/Mass production

• The mass production of electricity spurred economic growth since mass production was now more viable

• Ford Motor Company introduced this model in 1908 selling it for $850 but its price dropped to $290 by 1924 (Last card I had to make!! Good luck to anyone using this- sorry for the chaos....)

Reasons for Imperialism/Expansion (6)

Acronym: JESS is WACk

• (J)ingoism

• (E)xpand naval power

• (S)pread Christianity

• (S)afety valve theory

• (W)hite Man's Burden / Social Darwinism

• (A)ccess to foreign markets

• (C)losure of the frontier

Xenophobia

• A fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

• Played into nativist sentiment in the US

Jingoists

• The belief in a countries' superiority coupled with aggressiveness towards other countries

• Believing that other countries are inferior

• Crazy/dangerous nationalism

Josiah Strong

• Preached about "Anglo-Saxon superiority"

• Linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas and pushed for imperialism (I'm up for some time machine shenanigans to make this guy shut up, anyone want to come?)

Alfred Mahan and "The Influence of Sea Power on History"

• Captain of the U.S. Navy who was for imperialism.

• He thought that a powerful navy was needed to become a powerful country

• His writing pushed for these ideas

Henry Cabot Lodge

• A Republican who pushed hard for oversea trade

• Believed in making money through selling in foreign markets

• Specifically wanted more trade with Asia.

Hawaiian Annexation

• Annexed in 1898

• Reasons for annexation: Prime environment for sugar and fruit growing, and in between California and Asia (good naval base/fuel location)

• The Americans that moved there to grow the cash crops stage a coup supported by the US government

• They set up a new government, and it was then annexed into the US

William Randolph Hearst

• Creator of "The New York Journal"

• Competed with Pulitzer

• Famous participant in yellow journalism

Joseph Pulitzer

• Creator of the "New York World;"

• Competed with Hearst

• Famous participant in yellow journalism

Yellow Journalism

• Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers attention

• Also used to just sell more papers

• Used in this time period in regards to the situation in Cuba

The Maine

• A US ship explodes of the coast of Spain

• Citizens get angry up saying Spain blew up the ship and because they already were influenced by the Yellow Journalism they wanted to get back at Spain

• "Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!"

• Big reason for the Spanish-American War

Cuban Revolt

• People in Cuba tried to revolt against the Spanish presence & gain US as an ally

• Spanish led by General Valeriano Weyler

• Concentration camps "Butler Weyler" and other brutalities spread by American press generated US support

Teller Amendment

• Congresses compromise with McKinley when agreeing to begin the Spanish-American war

• Says the US will not fight to take over Cuba, instead Cuba will control their own government after the war

Spanish-American War

• Lasted from April 21 to December 10, 1898 - US win

• Began with the explosion of The Maine

• "Splendid Little War" (Coined by John Hay)

• Short war with relatively few deaths in battle (many more from disease)

• Battle of Manila (First shots fired in the Philippines - US win)

• Battle of San Juan Hill (Fighting in Cuba with the Rough Riders (Teddy Roosevelt) - US win)

Phillippines, Cuba, Guam and Puerto Rico

• As a result of the US winning the spanish-american war, they gain these territories (4)

• A lot of push back from these places because they want to self-govern

Platt Amendment

• As a result of the US winning the spanish-american war, this legislation was passed (1901) that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

• Ex. U.S. must approve treaties involving Cuba, may intervene to protect Cuban independence, & got the base at Guantanamo Bay (We're really bad at the whole "isolationist" thing aren't we...)

Anti-Imperialists

• Name for the many Americans who didn't support the imperialism going on

• Famous leaders: William Jennings Bryan, Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, Jane Addams

• Formed the Anti-Imperialist League: Citizens who came together with the disapproval of imperialism

• Insular Cases ⬇️ Reasons:

• Believe it's undemocratic/unconstitutional

• Hold racial superiority beliefs

• Believe in isolationism

Philippines War

• (1898-1902)

• American military campaign that suppressed the movement for Philippine independence after the Spanish-American War

• America's death toll was over 4,000 and the Philippines' was much higher

Emilio Aguinaldo

• Leader of the Filipino independence movement

• He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (I really like the name Emilio...is that just me? Why am I focusing on this rn...)

White Man's Burden

• The idea that the white Christian people have the "responsibility to civilize less developed groups"

• White superiority ideas "I HATE RUDYARD KIPLING." -Cas

Insular Cases

• (1900-1903)

• Says that the constitution/constitutional rights do not automatically extend to countries we annex (Um...why??? Someone feel like explaining this one??)

Open Door Policy

• American statement saying that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade for all countries there

Boxer Rebellion

• A 1899-1900 rebellion in Beijing, China

• Started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils" (foreign influence from the Open door policy)

• The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Russo-Japanese War

• A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea

• Japan wins and takes over part of Manchuria, which proves their power (and makes the US want to stick their nose in)

• Roosevelt mediated the peace treaty at the end of the war (And he gets the Nobel peace prize for being nosy)

• Ends with the Gentleman's Agreement

Gentleman's Agreement (Not an ID but is part of a different card and there would be too much writing on one card otherwise)

• (1907)

• Created after the Russo-Japanese war

• Not a formal treaty, it's a casual deal between the US and Japan regarding the large number of Japanese immigrants in the US.

• If Japan cuts back on the number of immigrants then Roosevelt will deal with some of the racist policies in California where the Japanese are living (Or you know- you could just be fair in the first place Roosevelt)

Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick

• Refers to Roosevelt Diplomacy, which allowed for using reasoning at first, before following up with aggressive foreign policy

• "Big stick" usually involves the US Navy

• Ex. Panama canal, Roosevelt Corollary, Gentleman's Agreement, Great white fleet

Lodge Corollary

• Expansion of the Monroe Doctrine

• Says that Asia now also cannot intervene in the western hemisphere, along with Europe

• Specifically enacted to target Japan who was growing in power (Not to be confused with the Roosevelt Corollary- that's definitely confusing...)

Panamanian Revolt

• TR wants to lease the area of the Panama Canal, so he tries to negotiate with Columbia (which they're a part of)

• When Columbia keeps raising the price, he encourages Panama to separate from Colombia with US support/protection (Big stick Diplomacy example)

• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty: Panama is declared independent and the US gets the canal area

Panama Canal

• US gets the land through the Panamanian Revolt and the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

• Dangerous construction conditions like rockslides & diseases cause death and it costs a lot

• Opened in 1914

• Leads to resentment among Latin American Countries towards the US (They couldn't have picked an easier name for that Treaty??)

Roosevelt Corollary

• Addition to the Monroe Doctrine

• Says the U.S. can intervene in financially unstable nations in Latin America even though Europe can't

• Turns the US into a international police country (Big stick Diplomacy example) (Not to be confused with the Lodge Corollary)

Great White Fleet

• (1907-8)

• Roosevelt sends the US Navy ships on a "world tour"

• Claims that we're just "saying hi to our neighbors"

• Actually a show of force towards other powerful countries

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

• 1901

• Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral.

• U.S. is given full control over construction and management of the canal.