mary i - succession, government and foreign policy

why did northumberlands devyse fail

• he tried to interfere with the legitimate succession

• people believed he was acting in self interest

• his behaviour was illegal

• he had little positive support and struggled to secure military loyalty

• the privy council switched allegiance to mary

• he had underestimated mary’s ability

when did edward die

6th july 1553

what happened on the 10th july 1553

lady jane grey was proclaimed queen against her will and news arrived that mary had proclaimed herself queen in east anglia

what happened on the 13th july 1553

northumberland set out with 2000 troops

he left the privy council in london despite fearing the catholic noblemen arundel and winchester

what happened on the 15th july 1553

the privy council did not send the reinforcements that northumberland requested

what happened on the 17th july 1553

northumberlands forces started to desert due to rumours that mary had 30,000 in her camp

what happened on the 19th july 1553

• marys forces numbered 20,000 and were bolstered by the arrival of the earl of oxford

• almost all the council had left the tower in london

• people in the streets celebrated the accession of mary

• duke of suffolk announced to his daughter that she was no longer queen

• mary was proclaimed queen in london

what happened on the 20th july 1553

arundel arrested northumberland

when was northumberland executed

22nd august 1553

why may mary’s succession have been greeted favourably

• supported legitimate succession

• they welcomed englands probable return to the catholic faith

what were marys main aims

• restore catholicism in england

• ensure a catholic succession

• produce a catholic heir

how old was mary when she came to the throne

37

what considerable problems did mary face when she became queen

• kingdom had fundamental religious divisions

• she was catholic in kingdom with substantial protestantism

• not been brought up to rule

• her loyal supporters had no experience in government

• had to rely on those who served her brother

examples of mary’s loyal supporters

• robert boschester

• edward waldegrace

• sir henry jennigham

• sir henry bedingfield

who did marys new councillors include

• stephen gardiner (bishop of winchester) - lord chancellor

• other churchmen who had been excluded from influence during edward’s reign

• more conservative councillors who served edward such as lord paget

how many councillors did she appoint during her reign

50

who was the working council board dominated by

experienced figures such as stephen gardiner and william paget

why was mary never quite at ease with her key councillors

• lost confidence in paget due to his opposition to her religious programme

• she never fully trusted gardiner who failed to support her mother at the time of the break with rome

who were the two foreigners whose judgement mary trusted

• philip of spain

• simon renard

who was simon renard

the ambassador of her cousin, charles v

how many parliaments were convened in marys reign

5 totalling 28 weeks

how many mps opposed the reversal of edwardian religious legislation

80

when was the restoration of englands allegiance to the pope

1554

what were parliament reluctant to do

pass laws reinstating the popes control over english church property

other examples of parliamentary opposition to crown policies

• concern for property rights ensured that ex-monastic property would not be restored to the church

• a bill in 1555 to allow the seizure of the property of protestant exiles was defeated

• mary also quarrelled with parliament over the issue of succession

who was the english candidate for a marriage to mary

edward courtenay, earl of devon

why did mary not marry courtenay

• marriage to an englishman brought the threat of factional rivalry

• courtenay lacked courtly skills

• he was never seen as a suitable candidate by mary

who was marys personal preference for marriage

philip of spain

what was included in mary and philips marriage treaty

• philip was to be given the title of king but would not possess any sovereign authority

• he could not promote foreigners to hold english office

• if mary predeceased philip, neither he or his heirs would have a claim to the english crown

• a son of the marriage would inherit england and the low countries but not spain

• he was not allowed to take the queen or future children out of the country without permission from the noblility

• england would not be drawn into spanish wars

what was the intention of philip and mary’s marriage

to bolster catholcism in england and align it with a powerful catholic nation

when did the marriage between mary and philip take place

25th july 1554

what bill did parliament reject in 1554

one which would have specifically included philip along with mary in a proposed new law on treason

what did parliament prevent in 1555

philips coronation as king

what did the failure of the devyse restore

henry viii’s will as the legal mechanism for determining the succession

this would mean that should she die childless, mary would be succeeded elizabeth

why did mary not want to be succeeded by elizabeth

elizabeth was a know protestant and was likely to move religious policy in a protestant direction

where was elizabeth confined to in the later stages of mary’s reign

brocket hall in herefordshire

when did mary formally name elizabeth as her successor

6th november 1558

when did mary die

17th november 1558

what were mary’s two main foreign policy aims

• restore england to papal supremacy

• to marry philip, the heir to the spanish throne

when was the marriage treaty between mary and philip drawn up

jan 1554

when was the anti-spanish pope paul iv elected

may 1555

what conflict did marys marriage to philip draw england into

the hapsburg-valois conflict against france

what made the hapsburg-valois conflict more complicated for mary

paul iv was one of the main instigators and so she found herself effectively at war with the papacy

when was the scarborough raid by france

april 1557

who led the scarborough raid

thomas stafford - grandson of the duke of buckingham

what followed the scarborough raid

england declared war against france

why were many of the nobility enthusiastic about the prospect of war

offered a way for those who had been in disfavour due to links with edwards regime to regain some credit with the crown

example of englands military campaign having a promising start

they assisted the spanish at the successful siege of st quentin

when did england lose calais

jan 1558

other failures in mary’s foreign campaign

no attempt was made to recapture calais

a full scale attack on the port of brest in the summer of 1558 failed dismally

what did marys restructure of the militia lay the groundwork for

a more centralised military system

what did marys restructure of the militia require local communities to do

provide trained soldiers and standardised equipment

what board did mary establish and what did it improve

• navy board

• improved the administration of ship maintenance, supply logistics and crew organisation

how many new ships were built

6

what was the peacetime allocation of the navy that the crown finances budgeted for

£14,000

why did marys military reforms enhance

englands defensive capabilities