Motivation and The Self

What Motivates people

needs -> motives -> goals

Goals

Specific outcomes that people desire

Motives

Fluid and changeable unlike personality traits, and are based in and stem from needs

Needs

Something necessary to survive and thrive

Needs and motives occur in quick succession (T/F)

True

Approach motivation is characterized by

anticipation of rewards for success

What describes someone who is approach oriented?

High extraversion and willingness to fight for rewards

Avoidance motivation is characterized by

worrying about negative consequences of failure

What describes someone who is avoidance oriented?

higher in neuroticism and likely to take flight from negative consequences. Lower in self esteem and life satisfaction

Is this example approach or avoidant oriented: Obtain a bachelors degree

approaching a positive

Is this example approach or avoidant oriented:

Eat less fast food

Avoiding a negative

Is this example approach or avoidant oriented:

Set my self up for financial success

approaching a negative

how would you set up nutritious eating as an approach and avoidance

"eat more nutritious food"

"eat less junk food"

Students who just want to avoid failing tend to perform better on class exams (T/F)

False - they tend to perform more poorly

Thinking about failure tends to hinder performance on difficult tasks. (T/F)

True

Sometimes, ________ types of motivation are needed for a task

BOTH

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

Belief that needs must be fulfilled in a certain order with fundamental needs at base and each higher needs is built upon it.

First level of Hierarchy of needs is

Basic physiological needs

Second level of Hierarchy of needs is

Safety and Security

Third Level of hierarchy of needs is

Love and Belonging

Fourth level of hierarchy of needs is

Self esteem

Fifth level of hierarchy of needs is

Self actualization

Maslow is a proponent of what kind of psychology?

Humanistic psychology

Humanistic Psychology

Focuses on the whole person and includes free will, creativity, and human potential

Who came up with implicit motives

Henry Murray

What are implicit motives

unconscious motivations

How are implicit motives measured?

Thematic Apperception Test

What are the three implicit motives needs?

Achievement, Power, and Affiliation

What is Achievement nAch

wanting to accomplish things, usually withouth help

What is power nPow

Wanting to have an impact on others without others impacting them

Affiliation nAff

Valuing relationships with others

Which Implicit needs overlap with Maslow's self esteem

Achievement and Power

What implicit needs overlap with Maslow's need for belonging

Affiliation

What is Self determination Theory

Individuals have 3 basic psychological needs that must be met in order to be motivated to engage behavior: Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness

What is Autonomy

Having control over ones actions and life

What is competence

Being able to use skills effectively and learn new ones

What is relatedness

Feeling connected to others

How is Self determination not related to Murrays theory

Focuses on explicit needs and posits each one as essential to human functioning rather than an individual difference.

Autonomy overlaps with Murrays _________ need

power

Competence overlaps with murrays __________ need

achievement

Relatedness overlaps with murrays ___________ need

affiliation

What are the two types of goals

Intrinsic and Extrinsic

Extrinsic goals aka

External rewards

Intrinsic goals aka

Internal fulfillment

Examples of Extrinsic goals

Financial success, popularity, fame, and physical attractiveness (often promoted by popular culture)

Examples of Intrinsic goals

Personal growth, affiliation, and community feeling (what we should have)

Extrinsic goals are more likely to lead to __________ and _______________

anxiety and depression

Intrinsic goals are more likely to lead to __________

happiness

Intrinsic goals are more likely to inspire behavior that fulfills the needs in _________________ theory

self determination theory

Extrinsic goals and rewards diminish intrinsic motivation (T/F)

True

overjustification effect

extrinsic rewards can replace intrinsic motivation with extrinsic motivation

If you believe that ability is malleable (growth mindset) it leads to

greater motivation

better performance

What is the self

The entire system of an individuals knowledge, evaluation, and regulation of themselves

What are the three big "self" questions

Who am i?

Do i like myself?

Can i maintain or change who i am?

Who am i correlates to

self concept

Do I like myself correlates to

self esteem

Can i maintain or change who i am correlates to

self regulation

What assesses one's self concept?

Twenty statements test

What does the twenty statements test reveal?

Individualism or collectivism

What is individualism?

values the needs of self more than those of the group

What is collectivism

Values the needs of the group more than the self

How are responses from TST categorized?

social groups

ideological beliefs

interests

ambitions

self evaluations

What did William James believe?

A part of ourselves is being observed and another part is observing

The observing part of ourselves is

"I"

The observed part of ourselves is

"me"

What is the self schema?

cognitive representation of self

Is the self scheme hard or easy to change?

hard

Does self schema help interpret the world?

yes

What are the different aspects of self concept

material self

social self

spiritual self

What is the material self

the extension of the self into the body, clothes, and possessions

What is the social self

we are linked to our social relationships and how we want to fit in, aka self monitoring

Spiritual self

persons moral center whch includes classic personality traits and cognitive abilities.

What is the true self

person you really are

Authenticity is;

how close you are to your true self

What are the four related components of authenticity

Awareness

unbiased processing

behavior

authentic relationships

Imposter phenomenon

the experience of feeling like a phony, a fraud, or a fake

Self esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

self concept

what you think about yourself

self esteem

how you feel about yourself

What measures self esteem?

Rosenberg scale

Is the average score of self esteem for college students high or low?

high

What are the two primary outcomes of self esteem

It feels good

Leads people to intitiate action

Self esteem does not __________ other positive outcomes

cause

It ________________ correlates with both positive and negative outcomes

correlates

increasing self esteem leads to improved performance (T/F)

False

Implicit self esteem

deep down self esteem

Explicit self esteem

Aware of having it

How can implicit self esteem be measured?

Implicit association test

How can explicit self esteem be measured?

Rosenberg self esteem scale

People usually have different levels of implicit and explicit self esteem (T/F)

False, usually similar levels

Self esteem regulations through

forming close relationships

belonging to social groups

experiencing success

Sociometer theory

level of self-esteem linked to level of belongingness

self evaluation maintenance model

way to understand self enhancement

What are three components of self compassion

self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness

What has the highest correlation for low achieving students and basic skills and tasks?

self efficacy

Self efficacy may not cause high performance, but be an outcome of success (T/F)

True

Ought self

person you think you should be

ideal self

person you want to be

self discrepancy theory

relates emotional state to the difference between our ideal or ought selves and our actual current self

Self-Regulation

process of guiding and directing yourself to a desired state