Skeletal System

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144 Terms

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Upper Extremity

Humerus, radius, ulna, scapula, clavicle, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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Lower Extremity

2 coxal bones, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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Process

Any bony prominence/projection

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Fissure

Narrow passageway

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Facet

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

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Fovea

A pit

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Foramen

A hole in the bone

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Fossa

Shallow depression

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Condyle

Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone

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Tubercle

Small rounded projection

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Epicondyle

Small projection on or above a condyle

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Trochanter

A large, somewhat blunt process

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Tuberosity

A medium process

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Head

The larger end of a long bone

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Meatus

Canal-like passageway

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Spine

Ridge on top of a bone

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Sinus

A hollow space within a bone

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Suture

Interlocking line of union between bones

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Synarthroses Joints

Immovable joints; no significant movement

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Synarthroses Example

Sutures of the skull

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Amphiarthroses Joints

Slightly movable joints; slight movement

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Amphiarthroses example

Intervertebral discs (b/w discs of vertebrae)

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Diarthroses Joints

Freely movable joints; free movement

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Ball and Socket Joint

Ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into cup-like depression of another. Allows true free movement; backwards, forwards, sideways, and rotation

<p>Ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into cup-like depression of another. Allows true free movement; backwards, forwards, sideways, and rotation</p>
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Ball and Socket Joint EX

Hip and shoulder

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Hinge Joint

A modified version of a saddle joint; cylindrical part of a joint articulates with cylindrical depression. Permits motion in only one plane

<p>A modified version of a saddle joint; cylindrical part of a joint articulates with cylindrical depression. Permits motion in only one plane</p>
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Hinge Joint EX

Elbow and knee

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Pivot Joint

Cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring. Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation.

<p>Cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring. Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation.</p>
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Pivot Joint EX

Atlas and axis; radius and ulna

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Saddle Joint

Joint between concave and convex surfaces. Allows grasping and rotation

<p>Joint between concave and convex surfaces. Allows grasping and rotation</p>
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Saddle Joint EX

Type of joint found at the base of each thumb; carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

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Gliding Joint

Opposed surfaces of bones are flat/almost flat. Allows one bone to slide over another. Up and down, left and right, and diagonal

<p>Opposed surfaces of bones are flat/almost flat. Allows one bone to slide over another. Up and down, left and right, and diagonal</p>
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Gliding Joint EX

Carpals/tarsals/clavicle; found in wrist and ankles

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Condyloid Joint

Oval-shaped condyle bone fits into elliptical cavity of another; synovial joint that does everything except rotating

<p>Oval-shaped condyle bone fits into elliptical cavity of another; synovial joint that does everything except rotating</p>
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Condyloid Joint EX

Wrist, occipital condyle of skull with 1st vertebrae

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Joints between cranial bones

Synarthroses

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Joints between bodies of vertebrae

Amphiarthroses

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Joint found between ribs and articulating vertebrae

Gliding

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Joint at the elbow between the ulna and the humerus

Hinge

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The joint between the occipital bone and the atlas

Condyloid

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Joint between femur and os coxa

Ball and Socket

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Joint between atlas and axis

Pivot

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Joint between the radius and carpals

Condyloid

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Joint between thumb and metacarpal

Saddle

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Joint between carpals

Gliding

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Joint between the proximal ulna and radius

Pivot

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Joint between the sacrum and the ilium

Gliding

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Joint between knee and tibia

Hinge

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Joint at the shoulder between the humerus and the scapula

Ball and Socket

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Compound Fracture (Open)

Bone is broken and a fragment of bone protrudes through an open wound in the skin

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Simple Fracture (Closed)

Bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin

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Complete Fracture

Bone is broken all the way through

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Incomplete Fracture (Greenstick)

Bone is bent but broken only on outer curve of bend; bone fragments still partially joined

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Communited Fracture

Bone is splintered or crushed into several pieces

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Impacted Fracture

Bone breaks, two bones pushed together; fragments driven into each other

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Spiral Fracture

Fracture line spirals around shaft of bone; often slower to heal

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Oblique Fracture

Fracture at an angle to the bone; diagonal to a bone's axis

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Compression Fracture

Occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself; i.e. vertebral column

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Depression Fracture

Broken bone portion is pressed inward (indented); typically a skull fracture

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Longitudinal Fracture

Vertical break; a fracture that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone

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Steps for bone repair

1.) Bone bleeds

2.) Inflammation around infected area

3.) Forms bony framework called callus

4.) Callus tissue stabilizes bone fragments

5.) Healing, remodeling

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Male and Female Skeletal Differences

Male bones are larger, distinct bumps. Narrow, tunnel-like pelvis. Female bones are smoother, smaller. Wider pelvis, more circular

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Skeletal Age Differences

Between childhood and adolescence, bones begin to enlargen and ossify. Reach maturity at 25. Bone density begins to decline at 50.

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Environmental Skeletal Factors

Nutrition - affects bone growth

Load Bearing/Mechanical Stress - affect how bone tissue is remodeled

Exercise - Helps reverse bone loss

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hypo

under, below

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hyper

above, over

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itis

inflammation

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osteo

bone

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oma

tumor

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a, an

without

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ab

away from

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ad

toward

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algia

pain

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arthro

joint

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ectomy

cut out; removal

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pathy

disease

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Achondroplasia

The most common type of short-limbed dwarfism.

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Arthrocentesis

Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space

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Bursitis

Inflammation of fluid-filled sac (bursa) in a joint

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Dislocation

Displacement of a bone from a joint; a separation of two bones where they at a bone joint

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Fallen Arches

Weakening of the tendons and ligaments supporting the arches of the foot

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Gout

Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint; uric acid/purine in joints

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Hemarthrosis

Blood within a joint space

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Lumbargo

Mild to severe lower back pain

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Lyme Disease

Bacterial infection caused by a tick bite, left untreated it can attach the synovial membrane of joints

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Ostectomy

Surgical removal of all or part of a bone

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Osteoitis

Inflammation of the bone

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Osteoma

Bone tumor

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Osteonecrosis

Death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood supply

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Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily (due to lack of calcium)

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Rickets

Abnormalities in shape and structure of bone caused by Vitamin D deficiency

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Rheumatism

Any disease marked by inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or fibrous tissue

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Scoliosis

Sideways curvature of the spine

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Spinal Bifida

Birth defect; lack of union between lumbar vertebrae

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Sprain

Injury to a ligament/pulled ligament

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Flexion

Two end portions of an extremity are brought closer together

  • Dorsiflexion

    • A type of flexion movement where the toes point towards the shin

<p>Two end portions of an extremity are brought closer together</p><ul><li><p>Dorsiflexion</p><ul><li><p>A type of flexion movement where the toes point towards the shin</p></li></ul></li></ul>
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Extension

Two end portions of an extremity move further apart

  • Plantar Flexion

    • A type of extension movement where the toes point downward

<p>Two end portions of an extremity move further apart</p><ul><li><p>Plantar Flexion</p><ul><li><p>A type of extension movement where the toes point downward</p></li></ul></li></ul>
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Abduction

Movement of an extremity laterally, away from the median plane of the body

<p>Movement of an extremity laterally, away from the median plane of the body</p>
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Adduction

Movement of an extremity along the median plane of the body

<p>Movement of an extremity along the median plane of the body</p>
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Circumduction

Movement of an extremity in a cone-shaped path

<p>Movement of an extremity in a cone-shaped path</p>