Skeletal System

Upper Extremity

Upper Extremity

Humerus, radius, ulna, scapula, clavicle, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Lower Extremity

2 coxal bones, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Process

Any bony prominence/projection

Fissure

Narrow passageway

Facet

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Fovea

A pit

Foramen

A hole in the bone

Fossa

Shallow depression

Condyle

Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone

Tubercle

Small rounded projection

Epicondyle

Small projection on or above a condyle

Trochanter

A large, somewhat blunt process

Tuberosity

A medium process

Head

The larger end of a long bone

Meatus

Canal-like passageway

Spine

Ridge on top of a bone

Sinus

A hollow space within a bone

Suture

Interlocking line of union between bones

Synarthroses Joints

Immovable joints; no significant movement

Synarthroses Example

Sutures of the skull

Amphiarthroses Joints

Slightly movable joints; slight movement

Amphiarthroses example

Intervertebral discs (b/w discs of vertebrae)

Diarthroses Joints

Freely movable joints; free movement

Ball and Socket Joint

Ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into cup-like depression of another. Allows true free movement; backwards, forwards, sideways, and rotation

Ball and Socket Joint EX

Hip and shoulder

Hinge Joint

A modified version of a saddle joint; cylindrical part of a joint articulates with cylindrical depression. Permits motion in only one plane

Hinge Joint EX

Elbow and knee

Pivot Joint

Cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring. Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation.

Pivot Joint EX

Atlas and axis; radius and ulna

Saddle Joint

Joint between concave and convex surfaces. Allows grasping and rotation

Saddle Joint EX

Type of joint found at the base of each thumb; carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Gliding Joint

Opposed surfaces of bones are flat/almost flat. Allows one bone to slide over another. Up and down, left and right, and diagonal

Gliding Joint EX

Carpals/tarsals/clavicle; found in wrist and ankles

Condyloid Joint

Oval-shaped condyle bone fits into elliptical cavity of another; synovial joint that does everything except rotating

Condyloid Joint EX

Wrist, occipital condyle of skull with 1st vertebrae

Joints between cranial bones

Synarthroses

Joints between bodies of vertebrae

Amphiarthroses

Joint found between ribs and articulating vertebrae

Gliding

Joint at the elbow between the ulna and the humerus

Hinge

The joint between the occipital bone and the atlas

Condyloid

Joint between femur and os coxa

Ball and Socket

Joint between atlas and axis

Pivot

Joint between the radius and carpals

Condyloid

Joint between thumb and metacarpal

Saddle

Joint between carpals

Gliding

Joint between the proximal ulna and radius

Pivot

Joint between the sacrum and the ilium

Gliding

Joint between knee and tibia

Hinge

Joint at the shoulder between the humerus and the scapula

Ball and Socket

Compound Fracture (Open)

Bone is broken and a fragment of bone protrudes through an open wound in the skin

Simple Fracture (Closed)

Bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin

Complete Fracture

Bone is broken all the way through

Incomplete Fracture (Greenstick)

Bone is bent but broken only on outer curve of bend; bone fragments still partially joined

Communited Fracture

Bone is splintered or crushed into several pieces

Impacted Fracture

Bone breaks, two bones pushed together; fragments driven into each other

Spiral Fracture

Fracture line spirals around shaft of bone; often slower to heal

Oblique Fracture

Fracture at an angle to the bone; diagonal to a bone's axis

Compression Fracture

Occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself; i.e. vertebral column

Depression Fracture

Broken bone portion is pressed inward (indented); typically a skull fracture

Longitudinal Fracture

Vertical break; a fracture that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone

Steps for bone repair

1.) Bone bleeds

2.) Inflammation around infected area

3.) Forms bony framework called callus

4.) Callus tissue stabilizes bone fragments

5.) Healing, remodeling

Male and Female Skeletal Differences

Male bones are larger, distinct bumps. Narrow, tunnel-like pelvis. Female bones are smoother, smaller. Wider pelvis, more circular

Skeletal Age Differences

Between childhood and adolescence, bones begin to enlargen and ossify. Reach maturity at 25. Bone density begins to decline at 50.

Environmental Skeletal Factors

Nutrition - affects bone growth

Load Bearing/Mechanical Stress - affect how bone tissue is remodeled

Exercise - Helps reverse bone loss

hypo

under, below

hyper

above, over

itis

inflammation

osteo

bone

oma

tumor

a, an

without

ab

away from

ad

toward

algia

pain

arthro

joint

ectomy

cut out; removal

pathy

disease

Achondroplasia

The most common type of short-limbed dwarfism.

Arthrocentesis

Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space

Bursitis

Inflammation of fluid-filled sac (bursa) in a joint

Dislocation

Displacement of a bone from a joint; a separation of two bones where they at a bone joint

Fallen Arches

Weakening of the tendons and ligaments supporting the arches of the foot

Gout

Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint; uric acid/purine in joints

Hemarthrosis

Blood within a joint space

Lumbargo

Mild to severe lower back pain

Lyme Disease

Bacterial infection caused by a tick bite, left untreated it can attach the synovial membrane of joints

Ostectomy

Surgical removal of all or part of a bone

Osteoitis

Inflammation of the bone

Osteoma

Bone tumor

Osteonecrosis

Death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood supply

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily (due to lack of calcium)

Rickets

Abnormalities in shape and structure of bone caused by Vitamin D deficiency

Rheumatism

Any disease marked by inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or fibrous tissue

Scoliosis

Sideways curvature of the spine

Spinal Bifida

Birth defect; lack of union between lumbar vertebrae

Sprain

Injury to a ligament/pulled ligament

Flexion

Two end portions of an extremity are brought closer together

• Dorsiflexion

  • A type of flexion movement where the toes point towards the shin

Extension

Two end portions of an extremity move further apart

• Plantar Flexion

  • A type of extension movement where the toes point downward

Abduction

Movement of an extremity laterally, away from the median plane of the body

Adduction

Movement of an extremity along the median plane of the body

Circumduction

Movement of an extremity in a cone-shaped path