Unit 2: 1865- Presentation Notes

Compromise of 1850

- California wants to become part of the Union and a State. Problem because slave and free states were balanced. California wants to become a free-state. South doesn't want the North to have more power
- Terms: California became a free state and South got a strong anti-fugitive law
- Slaves escaped North would return them (Anti-Fugitive Law) which is part of the reason the Underground Railroad came to be.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

-Terms: Kansas Explodes and Nebraska became a free state.
- Steven Douglas rejects this and wans the states to vote towards being a free/slave state
-Southerners would come to Kansas (Border Ruffians) which led to tug a war between abolitionist and the Ruffians
-Bleeding Kansas: Started the Civil War in 1855
-John Brown: Abolitionist hacked 3 Ruffians to death at -Pottawatomie Creek. Labeled as terrorist.
-Pottawatomie Creek: Large % of Border Ruffians.

Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

-She's a northerner
- Was a huge hit
- Effective Propaganda
-After this book, Northerners stopped returning slaves (violation of Compromise of 1850)
-Because of this book Queen Victoria became an abolitionist

Dred Scott vs. Sanford 1857

- Supreme Court Case
- Roger B. Taney
- Ruled the Missouri Compromise of 1820
-Taney said "Slaves are not citizens -> property and they don't have the protection of the citizens"
-Overturns the 1820 Compromise

1859

Brown leads an assault on Virginia. Wanted to free the slaves and give weapons to them. After condemned by Jury he acts rational to help the cause even further when sentenced to death.

The Democratic Party Split Almost Assures Republicans Victory

- 1860 was the presidential election
-Split allowed the third party Republicans to win which was Abe
- Split was caused by difference in opinion over slavery
- Abe got less than 50% of the vote (minority)
- He doesn't want an extension of slavery (okay where it is) called a Free-Soiler.

Republicans

- Abraham Lincoln had 3 years of formal education and was from extreme poverty
- He had manic depression and was not a good politician

Platform

- Around this time South Carolina secedes from the Union. It sees Lincoln as a threat to slavery. Lincoln would make sure its ended. This is bad because economic system was dependent on it.
- 1861; Civil War officially begins

South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter

- April 12, 1861 cannon of the South Carolinians opened fire on the fort
- Was the actual beginning of the Civil War
- 1 casualty which was a donkey
- Lincoln (April 15) issues a call to the states for 75,000 militiamen
-He wants to take the fort back
Cause was Lincoln didn't want to give up Charleston when asked to by the Confederates.

Map of Secession

- Border states are neutral
- 1861; Abe gives all forts and ports to Confederacy down south but doesn't give up Charleston
- Confederacy bombed Charleston instead and took it
- Didn't want the Union on their side of the US
- Confederates was officially called The Confederate States of America

Bull Run

-People expect the North to pound the South
- Instead the South smacks the North
- Sign that the war was going to be long

Civil Liberties/ Habeas Corpus

- Abe becomes aggressive
- He tightens on civil liberties
- Suspends Habeas Corpus (5th and 6th Amendment) fast trial, told why you got arrested etc.
- Arrests of Mayor of Baltimore and Governor of Maryland

Navy Blockade

-Union Plan called the Anaconda
-Surround the South and squeeze it into submission
- Each ship represents 10 ships which means the South got to aide

Glory Video

-Antietam Creek Maryland was a draw
- Brutal; Union always had to fight on the lower ground which means they were always attacking

Emancipation Proclamation

- Jan 1, 1863
- USA doesn't want Britain on the South side
Conflict of ship "Trent" where US Soldiers boarded the Brit's ship
- Brit wants to side with South because of this
- Queen Victoria is a abolitionist
- Lincoln made sure the war was about slavery so Britain wouldn't intervene

Pickett's Charge

-1863; South is winning battle after battle but, they are still losing since the North has endless amount of resources compared to them
- North has Irish immigrants (Irish Famine)
- Summer of 1863 South went all in and invaded
- Invade Pennsylvania and make them want to support the South
- Next step is to fight North and destroy them. Force Lincoln to make peace
- South had nothing in between them and victory until North put a great defense
- 31,000 dead and 20-25,000 horses dead.
- South never threatens the North anymore after this
- Fought for 2 more years battle after battle but wasn't the same.

Gettysburg Address

- National Soldiers Cemetery (Abe wasn't popular during this time
-Message; If war is finished the US would turn for the better
-1 white = 2 enslaved blacks
- Abe is questioning whether Democracy can work and if it can survive
- Major Problem; Lack of Education once slavery was abolished

The Civil War's Grisly Toll

- Over 720,000 dead. At least 1.5 million wounded
For four years averaging around 493 dead per day (Today 4856 per day)
- Had a 1 in 4 chance of dying. 1 in 2 chance of being wounded at age 16-24
- Destruction like this isn't seen again until WWI (did it with bombs)

Direct Monetary Costs of the Conflict

- 15-30 billion (About 42 trillion in today's money)
- Twice the size of the US Entire Federal Budget

Great Constitutional Debates

- Slavery was ended
- There was no more succession (like the mafia)
- Can't nullify laws anymore
- Federal gov is more important than state's rights

Democratic Ideals Preserved and Expanded

Problems about this is still going on (butthurt about the outcome)

Lincoln

- Assasinated 5 days after the surrender of Lee
- Never gives up
- Understood after war nation was going to be different
- Was killed in the moment of emotional fanaticism
- Was embalmed 5 different times
- Booth felt mad that people didn't congratulate him or help him after the assassination
- Conscriptors were hung; Mary Surratt was the 1st women to be hung.

Freedmen's Bureau

- Created on March 3, 1865
- It was to provide food, clothing, medical care and education to the freed slaves.
- AMA also helped by sending money to teachers to teach slaves basic skills
- Dealing with slaves because they are helpless (Most imp. was education)
- Great until local and states began to organize again
- Couldn't stop the black codes

Black Codes

- Was designed to take back control of government
- Very racist
- Meant to keep the blacks down
- Constant and Sub-servant labor force
- Enforced Sharecroppers (like feudal system); White people hired blacks 5 days work for whites, 2 days slaves got to work their borrowed land. Money from land was theirs to keep
- Had no other choice because of lack of education
- Worse than slavery because during slavery owners paid for clothes and food.

AME (American Methodist Espiscol Church

- Core of black community
- Was political and social
- Any issue was discussed inside the church
- Rejected white charity
- Enforcer of moral code
- Church connected all large movements and events

Military Reconstruction

- 1868; Congress started its Military Reconstruction
- 1876; South goes under the Marshall Law
- 1868: White southerners couldn't vote or sit on jury. Nor sell property without the permission of military district (had a curfew too)
- Only Law enforcement was military whose purpose was to stop the Confederates from arming themselves again (anarchy)
- Vicious terrorist group (KKK) -> intimidate blacks away from the voting booth. Wanted to terrorize the blacks. Later turned into a political group
- Andrew Johnson replaced Abe. Was from Tennessee which meant they escaped the military law all together.