ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Natural Gas

Mainly methane

Oil

Mixture of hydrocarbons, purified by fractional distillation

Coal

Distillation of Crude Oil

C1 to C4 gases fractionating

C5 to Cg naphtha chemicals

C10 to C16 kerosine (paraffin oil)

C14 to C20 diesel oils

C20 to C50 lubricating oil

C20 to C70 0000 ships, fuel oil factories and fractions

C70 residue bitumen for roads and roofing

Alkanes

Only C and H, single bonds

Alkenes

Only C and H, double bond

Alcohol

-OH functional group

Carboxylic acid

-COOH functional group

Naming Organic Compounds

Count the number of Carbons in a straight chain and look at the functional group

Structural Isomerism

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

Combustion

Burn with a clean flame, producing carbon dioxide and water

Substitution of Chlorine

Catalyzed by UV light, involves free radicals

Cracking of Alkanes

Breaking down long chain alkanes to shorter chain alkanes and alkenes

Alcohols

Have the functional group -OH, most common is ethanol

Fermentation

Reaction of sugars with oxygen to form alcohol and carbon dioxide

Carboxylic Acids

Have the functional group -COOH, can be formed through oxidation of primary alcohols

Polymers

Long chain organic molecules formed by repeat units of simpler molecules

Addition Polymerization

Joining single monomers together to form longer chain polymers

Poly(ethene)

Formed by addition polymerization of ethene, an alkane and saturated hydrocarbon

HDPE

High-density polyethylene, has higher crystallinity, melting point, and strength compared to LDPE

Addition Polymers

Formed from monomers without the production of any other substance

Condensation Polymers

Formed when two monomers react to release a small molecule, such as water

Polyesters

Made from a (di)carboxylic acid and a (di)alcohol, water is lost during formation

Terylene

Polyester used to make crease-resistant fabric

Polyamides

Made from (di)amine and (di)carboxylic acid, water is lost during formation

Nylon

Polyamide, different types can be formed depending on the initial monomers used

Uses of Polymers

Fabrics, packaging, coatings, insulation, rubber, lubricants, adhesives, paints

Biodegradability of Polymers

Most are non-biodegradable and contribute to land-fill overfilling and litter

Macromolecules

Natural biological molecules such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates