Questions to practice

What is a behavioral sign that a dairy cow is experiencing high heat stress?

Spending more time in shade.

How can you test a dairy cow's priority for shade experimentally?

Place a small barrier in front of the shaded area and observe if the cow crosses it when not rest deprived.

What trade-off test can be used to identify when to provide extra shelter for cows?

A shelter vs rest test under varying cold, wind, and wet conditions.

What species exemplifies monogamy due to hard-to-find mates?

California mice, where both parents are needed for offspring survival.

Which animal behavior illustrates polygyny through resource defense?

Pseudoscorpions defend resources or groups of females.

Provide an example of polyandry when male care is the limiting resource.

Northern jacanas and seahorses where females compete for male care.

What is sexually antagonistic coevolution?

An arms race between sexes over reproduction.

How do male dung flies contribute to sexually antagonistic coevolution?

Males use genital spines to remove rival sperm, injuring females in the process.

What do water striders demonstrate in terms of sexual selection?

Males have grasping legs while females develop abdominal spines to resist mating.

How does integrating environmental measurements allow researchers to infer discomfort in animals?

Combining environmental data with behavior and motivation reveals the animal's subjective experience of stress.

What example illustrates egg attendance without feeding?

Female shield bugs guarding eggs.

Give an example of provisioning in insects.

Burying beetles feeding larvae.

What is an example of mouth brooding in fish?

Male cichlid carrying eggs in the buccal cavity.

What is NOT a potential benefit of extra-pair copulations for females?

Access to better parental care from social mate.

What is the critical temperature below which animals must increase metabolic heat production called?

Lower critical temperature.

What does the Heat Load Index combine to assess heat stress?

Temperature, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, and previous night temperature.

What does a steep increase in shade use after an HLI of 29 indicate for cattle?

Cows prioritize shade more under high heat stress and when rest deprived.

What is replacement in animal research methods?

Using non-animal based methods wherever possible.

How can reduction be exemplified in an animal behavior study?

Using within-subject designs for testing mate choice to minimize the number of animals used.

What does refinement mean in the context of animal research?

Improving methods to reduce pain, stress, or suffering for animals.

Compare the signal-of-need hypothesis with the signal-of-quality hypothesis.

Signal of need reflects immediate nutritional requirement while signal of quality indicates overall health.

What is social monogamy?

When a pair bond is observed but genetic offspring may come from other mates.

Give an example of genetic monogamy.

Wandering albatross, where both partners only mate with each other.

What is a NOT a potential direct benefit of polyandry?

Increased offspring genetic diversity.

In siblicidal species, when is siblicide most likely to occur?

When food is scarce.

What does the increased choice of shade in cows during high HLI indicate?

Shade is a high priority for cows under heat stress.