Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods Part 2

structured interview

structured interview

an interview method where a fixed list of questions are asking in a fixed order with no flexibility or follow up questions

semi-structured interview

interview method that begins with a list of questions that can be asked in any order and follow up questions can be asked

unstructured interviews

interview method without a question list, participant driven, each question is based off response to the previous question

focus groups

structured interview that has multiple participants that are interviewed simaltaneously, interviewer acts as a facilitator and participants interact with each other

strucutured oberservations

observations are recorded in a systematic and standarized way

unstructured obersvations

researcher only record observations that they think are significant

laboratory observations

observaetions in a controlled environment

naturalistic observations

observations in a natural setting

overt observations

participants are informed that they are being observed

covert observations

participants are not informed that they are being observed

participant observations

the researcher/observer joins the group that they are observing and observes them from the inside

case study

the in-depth investigation of a single person (usually only one for psych) or organization

external validitiy

can teh findings be generalized to a larger population

generalizability

how much the determined relationship applies in another context

ecological validity

where the study was conducted in the environment or lab

mundane realism

how much the procedures and materials reflect the real world

temporal validity

how much results apply to a different time period

population validitiy

how well characteristics of sample show the population.

informed consent

participants must give their permission to be in the study

anonymity & confidentiality

no one outside the experiment should know names or personal information of participants/ they should remain anonymous

right to withdraw

participants have the right to leave the experiment at any time

deception

not revealing true intent of the experiment should be avoided unless it is truly necessary

undue stress or harm

stress and harm risks present in study should not exceed stress and harm conditions in everyday life

debriefing

after a study the all information and the true intents of the study are revealed to participants

funding

who is paying for the experiment

conflict of interests

when the researcher or funder of experiment personal goals and/or experiences are related to the study

justice and equitable treatment

results of study should not be used to justify discriminationsound

sound and valid methods

transparency about research methods and limitationsm

misrepresentation

inaccurate representation because of incorrect inference about an external reality

cultural considerations

culture of participant must be considered when applying results to other cultures

demand characterstics

occur when participants understand purpose of experiment and subconsciously change their behavior

expectancy effect

participant does what researcher wantss

screw you effect

participant does opposite of what researcher wants

social desirability effect

participants subconsciously change their behavior to avoid judgement

single blind

participants are unaware of what is being tested

double blind

both participants and researcher are unaware of what is being tested

internal validity

whether or not the experiment is testing what it is supposed to be testing

credibility (trustworthiness)

how much the results truly reflect the phenomenon under investigation

reflexivity

how biases could influence research and how they were avoided

method triangulation

different methods are used in the same study

data triangulation

data is compared from multiple source

researcher triangulation

more than one researcher collects and analyzes the data

reliability

extent to which the results were similar when the test was repeated

test-retest reliability

a study gets the same results over multiple replications