Chapter 8 Intro To Metabolism

ATP cycle

________ is a revolving door through which energy passes during its transfer from catabolic to anabolic.

Metabolic pathway

________: begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product.

Biogenetics

________: study of how energy flows through living systems.

Phosphorylation

________: transfer of a phosphate group to some other molecule, like a reactant.

Energy

________ comes from the catabolic reaction in the cell.

equilibrium

A process is spontaneous and can perform work only when it is moving toward ________.

Cells

________ are not in equilibrium: open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials.

Cell respiration

________: extracts energy stored in sugar and other fuels.

Catabolic pathway

________ in a cell releases free energy in a series of reactions.

Mechanical work

________: such as contraction of muscle cells.

Chemical work

________: pushing endergonic reactions.

Transport work

________: pumping substances against the direction of spontaneous movement.

Organisms

________ create ordered structures from less ________ forms of energy and matter.

Thermodynamics

________: study of energy transformations.

Catabolic pathways

________: release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

Entropy

________: measure of molecular disorder, randomness.

Spontaneous process

________: occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly.

energy transfer

Every ________ increases the entropy of the universe.

complex molecules

Ex: animals consume ________ in their food and release smaller, lower energy molecule and heat into their surroundings.

Exergonic reaction

________: net release of free energy and is spontaneous.

Energy coupling

________: use of an exogenic process to drive an endergonic one.

Anabolic pathways

________: consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.

Endergonic reaction

________: absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous.

Equilibrium

________: state of maximum stability.

Organisms

________ can also replace ordered forms of matter and energy in their surround with less ordered forms.

cell respiration

extracts energy stored in sugar and other fuels

metabolic pathway

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product

catabolic pathways

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

anabolic pathways

consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

biogenetics

study of how energy flows through living systems

energy

capacity to cause change

kinetic energy

energy associated with motion

thermal energy

random movement of atoms or molecules

heat

thermal energy in transfer between objects

potential energy

energy matter possess based on location/structure

chemical energy

potential energy waiting to be released in a chemical reaction

thermodynamics

study of energy transformations

isolated system

liquid in a thermos, unable to exchange energy ot matter with its surroundings

open system

energy and matter can be transferred

entropy

measure of molecular disorder, randomness

spontaneous process

occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly

ex

animals consume complex molecules in their food and release smaller, lower energy molecule and heat into their surroundings

free energy

energy that can do work when the temperature and pressure are uniform

spontaneous change

free energy decreases

equilibrium

state of maximum stability

exergonic reaction

net release of free energy and is spontaneous

endergonic reaction

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous

cells are not in equilibrium

open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials

chemical work

pushing endergonic reactions

transport work

pumping substances against the direction of spontaneous movement

mechanical work

such as contraction of muscle cells

energy coupling

use of an exogenic process to drive an endergonic one

phosphorylation

transfer of a phosphate group to some other molecule, like a reactant

phosphorylated intermediate

recipient molecule