Unit 3 Developmental Psychology and Classical Conditioning ID Terms

studied byStudied by 199 people
5.0(1)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 62

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Definitions from AMSCO Book

63 Terms

1

Teratogens

Agents that harm the embryo or fetus, such as: alcohol, nicotine, drugs, viruses, toxoplasmosis (cat feces), food poisoning.

New cards
2

Anxious Attachment

A form of insecure attachment where the child becomes overly dependent and anxious due to inconsistent caregiving.

New cards
3

Avoidant Attachment

A type of insecure attachment where a child avoids closeness or emotional connection, often resulting from a caregiver’s neglect or rejection.

New cards
4

Authoritarian Parenting

Dictatorial parents who enforce rules without input from children (“my way or the highway”). They often produce children with lower self-esteem and poor decision-making skills

New cards
5

Authoritative Parenting

Responsive and balanced parents who set rules and expectations while considering children’s input. They foster high self-esteem and good decision-making skills in children.

New cards
6

Rooting Reflex

A newborn reflex where touching the cheek causes the infant to turn their head and begin to suck. This is an innate behavior aiding in feeding.

New cards
7

Visual Cliff

A depth perception test conducted by Eleanor Gibson and R.D. Walk using a Plexiglas® table with an opaque and clear side, creating the illusion of a drop-off. Infants avoided the "cliff," suggesting innate depth perception​.

New cards
8

Critical Periods

A specific time in which an emotional or social landmark is developed that will not or cannot occur at a later date. The period of time when an organism has heightened sensitivity for the development of a particular skill.

New cards
9

Imprinting

Early-life attachment formation in animals during a critical period.

New cards
10

Adolescence

A developmental stage during which individuals undergo significant physical, emotional, and social changes, transitioning from childhood to adulthood​. The period of time between puberty and adulthood when people experience physical, social, and moral changes.

New cards
11

Puberty

The biological stage where individuals reach sexual maturity, marked by the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics​; Onset of sexual maturity. The physical beginnings of sexual maturity.  

New cards
12

Primary Sex Characteristics

Physical features directly related to reproduction, such as the development of the reproductive organs​.

New cards
13

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Physical features not directly related to reproduction, such as facial hair in males and breast development in females​.

New cards
14

Menarche

The first menstrual period in females, signaling the onset of reproductive capability.

New cards
15

Spermarche

The first ejaculation in males, signaling the onset of reproductive capability​.

New cards
16

Sensorimotor Stage

The first of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, lasting from birth through roughly the first two years of life. Children use senses and motor abilities to learn about the world and develop object permanence. For example, touching a musical mobile hanging above the crib will make a satisfying noise.

New cards
17

Object Permanence

At about eight months of age, a child begins to understand that objects exist even when hidden​. Develops in the sensorimotor stage.

New cards
18

Preoperational Stage

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, lasting from roughly ages two through seven. Children use symbolic thinking to understand the world but remain egocentric and lack the mental operations that allow logical thinking.

New cards
19

Conservation

The understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though their form or appearance is rearranged.

New cards
20

Egocentrism

Seeing the world only through one’s own perspective. The inability to consider another person’s point of view.

New cards
21

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, lasting from roughly ages seven through eleven. Children gain cognitive operations for logical thinking about concrete events, understand conservation, and perform mathematical operations, but they cannot reason abstractly.

New cards
22

Formal Operational Stage

The fourth and final stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory, beginning in early adolescence. Further development of cognitive operations enables adolescents to engage in abstract thinking and hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

New cards
23

Lev Vygotsky

A Russian psychologist who introduced the sociocultural perspective, emphasizing that the social and cultural environment influences cognitive development. Vygotsky proposed the concept of the "zone of proximal development" to describe the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with assistance​. Russian psychologist who developed the theory of mind.

New cards
24

Scaffold

Refers to the temporary support provided to a learner to perform a task they cannot yet perform independently, with the goal of gradually reducing assistance as competence increases​.

New cards
25

Babbling Stage

A stage in language development where infants produce repetitive sounds like "ba-ba" or "da-da" as they begin to experiment with speech sounds.

New cards
26

Telegraphic Speech

A stage of language development around age two where a child speaks mostly in two- or three-word statements. Speech resembles a telegram and includes mostly nouns and verbs, e.g., "car go" or "want cookie"​.

New cards
27

Overgeneralization

The application of grammar rules in instances where they do not apply, such as saying "Daddy buyed me a present".

New cards
28

Permissive Parenting

Includes two subtypes: (1) rejecting-neglecting parents, who are uninvolved and indifferent, leading to low self-esteem in children, and (2) indulgent parents, who seek friendship with their children and set few boundaries, leading to impulsive and demanding behavior​. A parenting style where parents are very lenient, set few rules, and rarely discipline their children, essentially allowing them to do what they want with minimal guidance or structure, often prioritizing their child's happiness over establishing clear boundaries or expectations.

New cards
29

Neglectful Parenting

A form of permissive parenting where parents are uninvolved in their children’s lives, often due to work or personal distractions. These children typically have low self-esteem and act prematurely as adults​.

New cards
30

Secure Attachment

A strong emotional bond between child and caregiver, characterized by the child feeling safe and secure, especially in a new or stressful situation​.

New cards
31

Insecure Attachment

Results when a caregiver does not consistently respond to a child’s needs, leading to anxiety, avoidance, or other insecure attachment behaviors​.

New cards
32

Disorganized Attachment

This type of insecure attachment is characterized by the child displaying confused and contradictory behaviors, such as approaching the caregiver but looking away. This may occur in response to neglect or abuse.

New cards
33

Strange Situation

A research method designed by Mary Ainsworth to observe attachment relationships between caregivers and infants. It involves a series of episodes where the child experiences separations and reunions with the caregiver and interactions with a stranger​.

New cards
34

Separation Anxiety

Distress and anxiety exhibited by infants and toddlers when separated from their primary caregiver. It typically emerges around 8 to 12 months and lessens as children grow older​.

New cards
35

Stranger Anxiety

Fear and distress that develops when children are confronted by unfamiliar people, typically occurring from around 8 months to 18 months of age.

New cards
36

Imaginary Audience

A cognitive distortion during adolescence in which individuals believe that their actions and appearance are constantly being scrutinized by others, reflecting an increased self-consciousness.

New cards
37

Personal Fable

A belief held by adolescents that they are unique and invincible, often leading them to think they are exempt from harm or that their experiences are unparalleled​.

New cards
38

Social Clock

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. It reflects societal norms about the proper timeline for life milestones​.

New cards
39

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Traumatic events or situations occurring during childhood, such as abuse, neglect, or family dysfunction, which can have long-term negative impacts on physical and mental health.

New cards
40

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience or practice. It excludes changes due to temporary biological states, instincts, reflexes, or maturation.

New cards
41

John Locke

An English philosopher who proposed the concept of the tabula rasa, or "blank slate," suggesting that individuals are shaped entirely by their experiences​.

New cards
42

Environmental Determinism

The idea that all behavior is caused by external environmental factors, implying that free will is an illusion​.

New cards
43

John Watson

A psychologist who emphasized observable behavior as the basis for study and was a key figure in behaviorism. He conducted the Little Albert experiment, demonstrating conditioned fear​. Father of behaviorism.

New cards
44

Little Albert

The subject of Watson's experiment, where a young child was conditioned to fear a white rat through classical conditioning paired with a loud noise.

New cards
45

Phobias

Irrational fears that can develop through classical conditioning when a neutral stimulus is paired with a fear-inducing unconditioned stimulus​..

New cards
46

Ivan Pavlov

A Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning through experiments with dogs, linking neutral stimuli (e.g., bells) to unconditioned stimuli (e.g., food)​.

New cards
47

Classical Conditioning

Associate an involuntary response and a stimulus.

New cards
48

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Another stimulus that happens close in time with the UCS, but has nothing to do with it; “neutral”.

New cards
49

Associative Learning

Learning that two events are linked together. Both classical and operant conditioning are types of associative learning.

New cards
50

Stimulus-Response Learning

The process by which behavior is modified through an association between a stimulus and a response​.

New cards
51

Acquisition

The initial stage in classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus to establish a conditioned response.

New cards
52

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

An original stimulus that causes a response - something that elicits a natural, reflexive response.

New cards
53

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The unconscious response to the original stimulus.

New cards
54

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

The once neutral stimulus; it is associated with the UCS, thus learned to cause the same response.

New cards
55

Conditioned Response (CR)

The unconscious response to the CS.

New cards
56

Contiguity

The closeness in time between the CS and US. The shorter the time between the Conditioned Stimulus and the Unconditioned Stimulus, the quicker and stronger the association.

New cards
57

Taste Aversion

Discovered by John Garcia; classical conditioning that is a unique condition aversion that is accomplished rapidly by a single pairing of illness/nausea + a specific food. A learned avoidance of a particular taste or food, typically resulting from a negative experience.

New cards
58

John Garcia

Discovered taste aversion.

New cards
59

Stimulus Discrimination

Learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other similar stimuli.

New cards
60

Stimulus Generalization

Similar stimuli elicit similar responses.

New cards
61

Higher Order Conditioning

A process where a new neutral stimulus becomes associated with an existing conditioned stimulus, forming a second conditioned response​.

New cards
62

Extinction

When a CR no longer follows a CS.

New cards
63

Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period.

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 29 people
400 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 41 people
282 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 6 people
882 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 14 people
829 days ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
64 days ago
4.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
904 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 10 people
1008 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 275 people
681 days ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 29 people
662 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (259)
studied byStudied by 38 people
45 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (111)
studied byStudied by 4 people
823 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (143)
studied byStudied by 151 people
756 days ago
3.8(10)
flashcards Flashcard (72)
studied byStudied by 6 people
253 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (164)
studied byStudied by 93 people
39 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (24)
studied byStudied by 10 people
739 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (30)
studied byStudied by 2761 people
417 days ago
4.8(33)
robot