Bipolar Disorders and Mood Stabilizers Overview Saved

Bipolar I Disorder

Manic episodes with functional impairment required.

Bipolar II Disorder

Hypomanic episodes without manic episodes.

Cyclothymic Disorder

Chronic hypomania and mild depression for two years.

Bipolar III

Manic symptoms after antidepressant use.

Bipolar IV

Depression with preexisting hyperthymic temperament.

Bipolar V

Depression with mixed hypomania symptoms.

Bipolar VI

Bipolar disorder associated with dementia.

Manic Episode

At least one week of elevated mood.

Hypomanic Episode

Similar to mania, but less severe.

Functional Impairment

Significant disruption in daily functioning.

Lifetime Prevalence

1% for Bipolar I, 1.1% for Bipolar II.

Suicide Rate

15% among individuals with bipolar disorders.

Heritability

Estimated 80-85% for bipolar disorders.

Concordance Rate

45% among identical twins for bipolar.

Orbitofrontal Area

Brain region linked to impulsivity in bipolar.

Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels

Calcium dysregulation implicated in bipolar disorder.

Severity Rating

Episodes rated as mild, moderate, or severe.

Rapid Cycling

Four or more mood episodes in a year.

Psychotic Features

Mood congruent or incongruent psychotic symptoms.

Peripartum Onset

Mood episodes occurring during pregnancy or postpartum.

Seasonal Pattern

Mood episodes linked to specific seasons.

Anxious Distress

Specify if anxiety symptoms present with episodes.

Calcium Dysregulation

Imbalance of calcium affecting bipolar disorder symptoms.

VGCC

Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels involved in neuronal firing.

Antiepileptic Medications

Drugs that reduce seizures and mood swings.

Lithium

First approved mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder.

Divalproex

Antiseizure medication with antimanic properties.

Lamotrigine

Antiseizure drug approved for bipolar disorder.

Brain Ventricle Size

Increased size linked to bipolar disorder progression.

Gray Matter Loss

Decrease in brain tissue associated with bipolar disorder.

Metabolic Disorders

Conditions like obesity linked to bipolar disorder risk.

HPA Axis

Regulates stress response, linked to bipolar and metabolic disorders.

Barbiturates

Early 1900s medications for bipolar disorder treatment.

Valproic Acid

Identified in 1966 for antimanic effects.

Chlorpromazine

First-generation antipsychotic approved for bipolar disorder.

Olanzapine

First second-generation antipsychotic for bipolar disorder.

Carbamazepine

Antiseizure medication approved for bipolar disorder in 2001.

Lurasidone

Approved in 2013 for bipolar depression treatment.

Olanzapine/Fluoxetine

Combination approved for bipolar depression in 2003.

GABA Boosting

Mechanism that enhances inhibitory neurotransmission in bipolar treatment.

D2 Blockade

Antipsychotics block D2 receptors to manage symptoms.

Glutamate Release Inhibition

Reduces excitatory neurotransmitter activity in bipolar treatment.

Common Side Effects

Adverse reactions to mood stabilizers like lithium.

Cognitive Effects

Confusion and tremors associated with anticonvulsants.

Lamotrigine

Anticonvulsant used for mood stabilization.

Atypical Antipsychotics

Second-generation antipsychotics with varied side effects.

Common Side Effects

Dizziness, weight gain, sexual problems, confusion.

Lithium

Mood stabilizer for mania and maintenance.

Carbamazepine

Anticonvulsant for treating mania and mixed episodes.

Divalproex

Anticonvulsant effective for all bipolar phases.

Aripiprazole

Atypical antipsychotic used for bipolar disorder.

Olanzapine

Atypical antipsychotic for mania and depression.

Quetiapine

Atypical antipsychotic for mania and depression.

Adjunct Medications

Additional treatments for managing bipolar disorder.

SSRI

Antidepressants with low switch rates to mania.

Bupropion

Antidepressant with stimulant-like effects.

Methylphenidate

Stimulant for ADHD-like symptoms in bipolar.

Benzodiazepines

Used for controlling agitation in bipolar patients.

Calcium Channel Blocker

Safest mood stabilizer in pregnancy.

NMDA Receptor Antagonist

Memantine used for cognitive symptoms.

Dopamine Agonist

Amantadine used for mood stabilization.

Glutamate Inhibitor

Riluzole reduces excitatory neurotransmission.

Non-response Checklist

Guidelines for evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Co-morbid Disorder

Additional psychiatric conditions alongside bipolar disorder.

Substance Abuse

High incidence in bipolar disorder patients.

Therapeutic Range

Effective dosage levels for mood stabilization.

Time to Effect

3-4 weeks needed to assess drug efficacy.