Anatomy and Physiology of Vocal Folds, Pharynx, and Neural Control

squamous cell epithelium

thin and pliable

superficial layer of lamina propria

like jello

intermediate layer of the lamina propria

like elastic band

deep layer of lamina propria

stringy collagen fibers

muscle fibers (thyroarytenoid muscle)

the bulk of the vocal folds

glottis

opening between the vocal folds

membranous folds

front 60%

cartilaginous

back 40%

What changes length in pitch raising

CT and PCA

What changes tension in pitch raising

thyrovocalis

pitch raising increases ____ pressure

subglottal

what happens in pitch lowering

decrease in pressure, folds bulk up, less tension

men fundamental Hz

120

women fundamental Hz

230 Hz

children fundamental Hz

300-400hz

movements of vocal folds are

PASSIVE

airway resistance

opposition to airflow through the velopharyngeal-nasal airway

sphincter compression

compression of the velum againt the posterior pharyngeal wall

acoustic impedance

opposition to the flow/transmission of SOUND energy offered by the velopharyngeal nasal apparatus

nasopharynx

above hard palate

oropharynx

between hard palate and hyoid

laryngopharynx

between hyoid and base of cricoid

phonotrauma (dont forget to study the voice disorders )

voice misuse or overuse

study the joint movements

malocclusion I

misaligned

malocclusion II

overbite

malocclusion III

underbite

cleft palate problems FEDS

feeding, ear infection/hearing, dental, and speech

oral prep and oral transit

voluntary

pharyngeal and esophageal phase

involuntary

cervical esophagus

consists of only striated muscle

thoracic esophagus

consists of striated and smooth muscle

abdominal esophagus

consists of only smooth muscle

peristalsis

involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles in the esophagus, creating wave like movements

(involuntary response to pharyngeal phase)

penetration

enters larynx but not below folds

aspiration

passes through folds and enters the trachea

swallowing occurs at lung volumes _____ than resting volume

larger

swallow expiration pattern

expiration - swallow - expiration

vallecula

space between tongue and epiglottis

pyriform sinuses

channels around airway entrance

autonomic system

controls thoracic and abdominal regions of esophagus

brainstem

has primary control over the automatic phases

corticobulbar tract (direct)

leads to cranial nerves, head and heck, controls larynx and articulator

corticospinal tract (direct)

leads to spinal nerves, limb control, trunk muscles

cerebellum (indirect)

motor learning, compares motor commands with results, error correction, refining movements

basal ganglia (indirect)

sequencing of complex movements, integration of sensory signals, coordination

spinal nerve cells recieve motor signals from

direct and indirect activation pathways

upper motor neurons

CNS origin and destination, complex inner-connections, originating planning and refining movements

BEFORE axons make synapses

lower motor neurons

peripheral motor neurons, origin in brainstem or spinal cord, destinatino in neuromuscular junction, direct indirect or reflexive, final common pathway

white matter

formed from myelinated axons, connect different areas of grey matter

gray matter

consists of clusters of neuron cell bodies , clusters of cell bodies called nuclei, cortex is a major part of the gray matter

spinal cord

runs through vertebrae, grey and white matter, soma of spinal nerves, numerous interneurons, central pattern generators

spinal reflexes

sensory input, local processing, motor output, rapid response, you CAN override

primary motor cortex

activate and control motor acts

premotor cortex

plans complex/skileld movements (speech hand and finger movment)

prefrontal cortex

executive functioning - reasoning, abstract thinking, self monitoring, planning, decision making and pragmatic function

frontal lobe functions

how we know what we are doing within our environment, how we initiate activity in response to our environment, judgements, controls emotional response, expressive language, memory for habits and more

study frontal lobe disorders

primary somatosensory cortex

responds to touch and pain from all over the body

posterior parietal cortex

integrate and process sensory stimuli , creates complex sensory experiences, complex analysis of auditory and visual information, association and integration

angular gyrus

ANGLEs - understanding metaphors and math

supramarginal gyrus

relation of individual speech sounds to the formation of words, word meaning, and connects word meanings with action patterns

contralateral neglect

A disturbance of the patient's ability to respond to visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli on the side of the body opposite to a site of brain damage, usually the left side of the body following damage to the right parietal lobe.

motor apraxia

difficulty completing planned movements

parietal lobe disorders (8)

contralateral neglect, motor apraxia, tactile agnosia, inability to judge spatial relationships, anomia, agraphia, alexia and dyscalculia

primary auditory cortex (herschl's gyrus)

primary signal analysis

planum temporale

complex auditory analysis and auditory association cortex

wenickes area

associated with speech and language comprehension

left hemisphere disorders

hearing deficits, dementia, increased aggression, aphasia

right hemisphere disorders

nonverbal memory, loss in ability to discriminate tonsm deficits in attentinom humor, pragmatics

hippocampus

memory formation

ganglia

recieve sensory fibers coming from receptors in the body

meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

ventricles

lateral ventricles, thrid ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth

cerebellum

periphery information on actual muscle movements. compares expected to actual and gives feedback

thalamus

visual, auditory, tactile, taste information is relayed through thalamus

insula lobe

speech motor control, language, breathing swallowing

limbic lobe

emotions, memory, motivation

brainstem

basic life function

sylvian fissure

separates temporal from parietal and frontal lobes

basal ganglia

receives information from cortex, process that information and send it back to cortex via thalamus

association tracts

connect one part of cortex to another in SAME hemisphere

striatal tracts

connect gray matter and subcortical nuclei of basal ganglia

commissural tracts

connects a specific region to its twin on other hemisphere

descneding projection tracts

fescends from motor cell bodies in cortex to ventral motor neurons in spinal cord