Test #1 ANPS 1190 Cell Chemistry, Test #1 ANPS 1190 Cell Structures, Test #1 ANPS 1190 Connective Tissue, Test #1 ANPS 1190 Cell Cycle, Test #1 Intro to Tissues and Epithelial Tissue

ion

A charged atom

cation

positive ion

anion

negative ion

ionic bond

intramolecular bond between oppositely charged ions

nonpolar covalent bond

intramolecular bond with equal sharing of electrons between covalently bonded atoms

polar covalent bond

intramolecular bond with unequal sharing of electrons

hydrogen bond

the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom in a molecule is attracted to N,O,F

hydrophilic

attracted to water (polar)

hydrophobic

repulsion from water (nonpolar)

dehydration synthesis

process of combining molecules, resulting in H2O molecule produced

hydrolysis

process of breaking molecules by splitting H2O into OH and H and then adding back to molecule

ph

the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

ph scale

measurement of H+ ions in solution (value of pH is negative exponent of base 10 number of H+ in solution)

lower number means higher concentration of H+

higher number means lower concentration of H+

acid

pH less than 7, higher concentration of H+ ion

base

pH higher than 7, lower concentration of H+ ion

enzyme

proteins that regulate the rate of chemical reactions in the body

Lower activation energy required

activation energy

energy required to add to system for reaction to start

denature

change in protein shape, resulting in loss of protein function

organic molecule

building blocks of human cell

carbon

can share 4 e- and may form, single, double, or triple bonds

Bond patterns can be Straight Chain, Branched Chain, or Ring

lipid

hydrophobic molecule with 5 classes:

Phospholipids/glycolipids

Fatty Acids

Glycerides

Steroids

Eicosanoids

fatty acid

energy storage in form of building blocks of lipids

Nonpolar

glyceride

lipid with glycerol backbone

triglyceride

lipid with glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid tails

phospholipid

lipid with glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails (nonpolar) and phosphorous containing head (polar) and are amphipathic

amphipathic

partially hydrophobic and partially hydrophilic

cholesterol

lipid (steroid) important in cell membrane

steroid

lipid including cholesterol and sex hormones

carbohydrate

hydrophilic compound. sugar groups are important energy sources

monosaccharide

single sugar molecule

disaccharide

2 sugar molecules

polysaccharide

many sugar molecules

glucose

most common monosaccharide in human body

glycogen

polysaccharide storage of glucose

ribose

sugar in RNA

deoxyribose

sugar found in DNA (lacking an oxygen in ring)

protein

molecule important for many structures and functions in cells

fibrous protein

allow structural support and movement of cell

globular protein

allow many metabolic processes, transports, catalysis, pH regulation, body defense, protein management

protein structure

primary: amino acid list

secondary: shapes of alpha-helix or beta-sheets

tertiary: final shape after folding from inter/intra molecular attractions, final functional shape

quaternary: if needs multiple proteins, the shape from combined proteins

amino acid

20 subunits of proteins with different radicals changing attractions and thus shape

peptide bond

bonds which connect amino acids

nucleic acid

molecule made to store and transfer info

nucleotide

base unit of nucleic acids

nucleotide bases

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil

rna

single stranded form of nucleic acid and nucleotide base and phosphate- ribose sugar backbone

dna

2 antiparallel strands of bases with nucleotide base and phosphate- deoxyribose sugar backbone

atp

phosphorylation

intracellular

in the cell

extracellular

outside the cell

interstitial fluid

fluid between cells

plasma membranes

outside membrane of cell

phospholipid bilayer

double layer of phospolipids with hydrophobic tails facing inside and the hydrophilic heads facing out

integral membrane protein

embedded through membrane

peripheral membrane protein

embedded on either inside or outside of membrane

transport protein

allow substances through the hydrophobic membrane

ion channel protein

a pore in a cell membrane through which ions can pass

receptor protein

receptor binds on one side and opens protein on other side to signal

anchoring protein

connects membrane to cytoskeleton and to extracellular molecules

membrane enzyme

catalyze surface reactions (allow metabolic pathways)

cell-cell junction protein

allow cells to bind to neighboring cells

recognition/identity protein

allow identification (antigens read by antibody recognition proteins)

glyocalyx

carbohydrate chains branching from external cell surface

proteoglycans (protein attached to carb), glycolipids (carb attached to lipid), glycoproteins (carb attached to protein)

fluid mosaic membrane

phospholipid bilayer is freely able to move similar to a fluid

permeability

ability for particles to pass membrane

impermeable: nothing can pass

freely permeable: anything can pass

selectively permeable: things can pass but not everything without aid

passive transport

movement of substance across membrane without ATP (diffusion)

active transport

movement of substance across membrane with ATP (primary/secondary or bulk)

osmosis

diffusion of water

Tonicity in cells

isotonic- normal balance

hypotonic- low NaCl (leads to shrinking)

hypertonic- high NaCl (leads to lysis)

Cytoplasm

interior of cell, outside nucleus

membranous

organelle that have interior compartments

organelles

small structures in cell to do certain functions

double membrane

one membrane enclosed by another (nuclear membrane, mitochondria)

nucleus

most prominent, control center of cell

nucleoplasm

material within nucleus

nucleolus

areas within nucleus evident of active protein synthesis

chromatin

non condensed chromosomes

chromosome

Genetic information bundled into packages of DNA

histone protein

protein for DNA organization

gene

segment of DNA on chromosome coding for certain functions

transcription

DNA to mRNA (includes mRNA processing- splice out introns and keep exons)

translation

mRNA turned into protein/amino acid sequence with ribosome and tRNA

nuclear pore

channel in nuclear membrane for mRNA exit

complementary base pairing

DNA: A-T, G-C

RNA: A-U, G-C

mRNA

messenger RNA, allows genetic info to leave nucleus for instructions

rRNA/ribosome

site for translation

tRNA

bind to amino acids and bring to ribosome to allow polypeptide to be put together

free vs fixed ribosome

in cytoplasm vs on rough ER

loose in cytoplasm: protein is for intracellular function

rough ER: proteins to be packaged and exit cell

endoplasmic reticulum and cisternae

internal compartments of ER

membranous organelle for storage, transport, and synthesis of molecules

rough vs smooth ER

rough- produce proteins with ribosome

smooth - lipid synthesis

golgi apparatus

modify (fold) and package proteins for transport out of cell

secretory vesicle

section fuses with membrane to allow contents to be pushed out of cell

lysosome

contains digestive enzymes to break down molecules

mitochondria and christae

creates ATP in the internal folds (christae)

cytoskeleton

structural framework of the cell

microfilaments

smallest- allow movement and support

intermediate filaments

strong, resist stress, stabilize positions of organelles

microtubules

largest, long and hollow, create movement and connect to centrosome for cell division

centrioles at centrosome

form spindles to pull apart chromsomes