Immunology-Serology Numericals

Year of Variolation

1500

Year of Edward Jenenr producing Vaccinia Virus

1796

Year Louis Pasteur produced live, attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccines

1880

Elie Metchnikoff Phagocytosis Year

1888

Emil Von Behring and Kitasato (Humoral Immunity)

1890

Emil Von Behring and Kitasato (Humoral Immunity)

1890

Emil Von Behring and Kitasato (Humoral Immunity)

1890

Emil Von Behring and Kitasato (Humoral Immunity)

Jules Bordet discovered complement

1894

Robert Kraus discovered precipitins

1897

Emil Von Behring serum antitoxins

1901

Karl Lansteiiner discovery of ABO

1901

Discovery of T-cell receptor

1984

Susumu Tonegawa for antibody diversity

1987

Acute phase proteins increase by __% after inflammation

25

Cytokines involved with APRs

IL-1 , IL-6, TNF-a

CRP was discovered by Tillet and Francis in ____

1930

Structure of CRP: __ identical subunits held by non-covalent bonds

5

CRP levels vs Cardiovascular Risk

Low

Average

High

Low: <1 mg/dL

Average: 1-3 mg/dL

High: >3 mg/dL

Major component of alpha band in electrophoresis

alpha-1-antitrypsin

Ceruloplasmin converts ___ iron to __ iron

ferrous to ferric

CRP

Response time (hours):

Increase:

Response time (hours): 4-6

Increase: 1000x

SAA

Response time (hours):

Increase:

Response time (hours): 24

Increase: 1000x

A1A

Response time (hours):

Increase:

Response time (hours): 24

Increase: 2-5x

Fibrinogen

Response time (hours):

Increase:

Response time (hours): 24

Increase: 2-5x

Haptoglobin

Response time (hours):

Increase:

Response time (hours): 24

Increase: 2-10x

Ceruloplasmin

Response time (hours):

Increase:

Response time (hours): 48-72

Increase: 2x

C3

Response time (hours):

Increase:

Response time (hours): 48-72

Increase: 2x

Normal neutrophil lobe

2-5

Type 1 granules of Monocytes has

peroxidase

ACP

arylsulfatase

Type 2 granules of monocytes has

Glucoronidase

lysozyme

lipase

Mast cell survive ___ than basophils

longer

Highest Toll-Like Receptors are seen in

Macro

Mono

Neutro

Cell surface TLRs

1,2,4,5,6

Endosomal TLRs

3,7,8,9,10

Interleukin important for NK cell development

IL-15

CD of NK cells

CD-16 (Fc gamma receptor)

CD56 (CAM)

Recall

NK Cell mediate what type of reaction

Graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reaction

Aluminum salts preferentially stimulate

Th2 responses

Examples of oil-in-water emulsion

FCA, FIA, MF59, AS03, AS01B

Herd immunity is achieved through __% of population

70

T-cell receptor CD

CD3

B-cell coreceptors

CD19

CD21 - receptor for complement component C3d

T-cell

percentage:

lifespan:

T-helper percentage:

T-cytotoxic percentage:

T regulatory percentage:

percentage: 60-70%

lifespan: 4-10 years

T-helper percentage: 60%

T-cytotoxic percentage: 30%

T regulatory percentage: 10%

Type__ Helper T-cells produce IFN-gamma, TNF, IL-__

Type 1 Helper T-cells produce IFN-gamma, TNF, IL-2

Type __ Helper T-cells produce (6) interleukins

Type 2 Helper T-cells produce (6) interleukins

4,5,6,9,10,13

Type __ of Helper T-cells

17

CD marker of T cell-regulatory cells

CD4 and CD25

Critical for autoimmunity

POINT OF DIFFERENTIATION

Earliest T cell marker

Most specific T cell marker

Earliest T cell marker: CD2

Most specific T cell marker: CD3

B cell

Percentage in blood:

Markers:

Subset:

Percentage in blood: 10-20%

Markers: sIg (IgM, IgD), CD19, CD20, CD21, MHC-2

Subsets: B1, B2 (more common

Double negative thymocytes proliferate under____. Rearrangement of genes that code for ____

IL-17 ; TCR

Pro-B cell differentiaties to Pre-B cell once heavy chain rearrangement happens in chromosome __

14

Chromosome for kappa and lambda light chains

2, 22

Markers for Immature B-cell

IgM, CD21, CD40, MHC-2

Lymphocyte identification uses rosette assay since sheep RBC may have ____ receptor to lymphocytes

CD2

Ficoll-Hypaque specific gravity

1.077

Immunogens must be _____ MW

10,000 daltons

MHC gene

short arm of Chromose 6 band 21

MHC 1 is present in

All nucleated cells

lymphocytes and myeloid cells (highest)

MHC 2 present in

macro

mono

B cells

dendritic cells (HIGHEST)

APCs (immunocompetent cells)

MHC ____ are secreted proteins that have immune function

3

MHC class III consists of 5

C2

C4

Factor B

TNF

21-hydroxylase

MHC proteins inherited in parents

6 (3 from each parent in each allele as haplotypes)

Codominant

Structure of MHC 1

3 alpha chains

1 beta-2 microglobulin

HLA on RBC

Bennet Goodspeed antigen

HLA match to siblings

HLA match to parents

HLA match to siblings: 50%

HLA match to parents: 25%

HLA disease association

HLA-B27 (3)

Ankylosing spondylitis

Acute anterior uveitis

Reiter's syndrome

HLA B-27 Seronegative Arthropathies (4)

PAIR

psoriatic arthritis

ankylosing spondylitis

IBD-associated arthritis

reactive arthritis

HLA disease association

HLA-B8 (4)

Celia and Sjogren MaDe a BB

Dematitis herpeformis

Myasthenia gravis

Sjogren's syndrome

Celiac disease

HLA disease association

HLA-DR2 (2)

Multiple Sclerosis

Narcolepsy

HLA disease association

HLA-DR3 (5)

Hashi MaDe SLE3k Graves

Dermatitis herpeformis

Myasthenia gravis

Graves

Hashimotos

SLE

HLA disease association

HLA-DR4 (3)

Pemphigus vulgaris

RA

Type 1 DM

Basiliximab and Daclizumab bind to

CD25 receptor

Alemtuzumab bind to

CD52 receptor

Why cornea is the safest transplant

avascular

low MHC1

absent MHC2

Order of 3 most commonly transplanted organ

Kidney > Liver > Heart

Hyperacute

onset:

mechanism:

cause:

onset: minutes to hours

mechanism: humoral

cause: preformed ABO antibodies

Accelerated

onset:

mechanism:

cause:

onset: within 1 week

mechanism: cell-mediated

cause: previous sensitization to donor antigens

Acute (most common)

onset:

mechanism:

cause:

onset: within 1 month

mechanism: cell mediated

cause: allogeneic reaction

Chronic

onset:

mechanism:

cause:

onset: more than 3 months

mechanism: cell mediated

cause: disturbance of host-graft tolerance

GVHD

onset:

mechanism:

cause:

onset: varies/100 days or more

mechanism: cell-mediated

cause: donor competent T cells reject recipient T cells

Damage to new organs

onset:

mechanism:

cause:

onset: more than 3 months

mechanism: immune complex, complex with soluble antigens

cause:

Ratio of kappa: lambda light chains

2: 1

65%:35%

Variable region consists of the first ____ amino acids

110

Abundancy of Ab in blood

G A M D E

Abundancy of Ab in secretions

A G M D E

Complement bind to what Ig domain

CH2 (IgG) ; CH3 (IgM)

Antibody isotypes that contain additional CH domain

IgM IgE

Molecular weight of Ab order

M E D A G

Sedimentation coefficient

IgM - 19s

IgG, IgA, IgD - 7s

IgE - 8s

Longest half life

IgG (23 days)

Percentage of Ig

IgG : 70-75%

IgM: 10%

IgA: 10-15%

IgD: <1%

IgE: 0.02%

Heavy chain subclasses

IgG - 4

IgA - 2

Constant domains

IgM and IgE: 4

Others: 3

basis of differences between IgG subclasses

Disulfide bonds

IgG1: 2 / 67%

IgG2: 4 / 22%

IgG3: 15 / 7%

IgG4: 2 / 4%

Antigen binding sites of IgM

Monomers of IgM

10

5

Breaks disulfide of J chain to remove IgM and leave IgG intact

2-DTT, ME

Forms of IgA

serum: Type 1 (monomer)

secretions: Type 2 (dimer with J chain and secretory component)

Best indication of current infection is a _____________ rise in ab titer when comparing 2 serum samples from a patient during beginning and later stages of infection.

fourfold rise

Papain fragments

2 Fab and 1 Fc