10: Motivation and Emotion

Anorexia nervosa

________: An eating disorder characterized by a distorted body image and maintenance of unusually low body weight.

Incentives

________ are rewards that can motivate behavior.

Motivation

________: A process that arouses, maintains, and guides behavior toward a goal.

Emotional appraisal

________: Evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation.

Estrus

________: Changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating; particularly used to refer to females in heat.

Attribution

________: The act of assigning cause to behavior.

Growth

________ needs include the drive toward self- actualization, or the need to fulfill our potential.

Opponent process theory

________: States that strong emotions tend to be followed by the opposite emotional state; also the strength of both emotional states changes over time.

Self determination theory

________: Proposes that needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are critical motivational needs.

Physical changes

________ associated with emotion are caused by activity in the autonomic nervous system and (ANS)

James Lange

________ theory: The proposition that bodily arousal leads to subjective feelings.

Paul Ekman

________ argued that there are at least six basic emotions: surprise, happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, and fear.

Androgen

________: Any of a number of male sex hormones, especially testosterone.

Incentive

________: A reward or other stimulus that motivates behavior.

Cannon

________- Bard theory: The proposition that thalamus activity causes emotions and bodily arousal to occur simultaneously.

Drives

________ for stimulation are partially explained by arousal theory, which states that an ideal level of bodily arousal will be maintained if possible.

three way classification

In the ________ of motives, biological motives refer to those that must be met for survival.

Estrogen

________: Any of a number of female sex hormones.

internal deficiency

Need: A(n) ________ that may energize behavior.

Kinesics

________: Study of meaning of body movements, posture, hand gestures, and facial expressions; commonly called body language.

Emotions

________ can be expressed through multiple channels, or modalities.

Bulimia nervosa

________: A disorder marked by excessive eating followed by inappropriate methods of preventing weight gain.

physiology

The four basic aspects of emotion are experience (feelings), ________, expression, and cognitions.

Amygdala

________: A part of the limbic system associated with the rapid processing of emotions; especially fear.

Circadian rhythm

________: A 24- Hour biological cycle found in humans and many other species.

Alexithymia

________: A learned difficulty expressing emotions, more common in men.

Yerkes Dodson

________ law: A summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance.

Schacter

________ and Singers two- factor theory also brings in the cognitive aspect of the motion, and emphasizes that all motion emerges when we experience physiological arousal open (first factor) and then use cognitive attributions label the bodily arousal (second factor) as a particular emotion.

Hunger

________ is influenced by a complex interplay of internal factors that include the body set point, fullness of the stomach, blood sugar levels, metabolism in the liver, and fat stores in the body.

Homeostasis

________: The steady state of body equilibrium.

Hypothalamus

________: A small area of the brain that regulates emotional behaviors and basic biological needs.

Pain avoidance

________ is an episodic drive.

Subjective well

________- being: General life satisfaction, combined with frequent positive emotions and relatively few negative emotions.

BTEs

________ share a common belief that emotions are brief states that arise after cognitive appraisals of events, and involve broadly distinct expressions, Physiology, and behavior; As a result, common they believe that emotions fall into broad categories.

Taste aversion

________: An active dislike for a particular food.

Sex drive

________: The strength of ones motivation to engage in sexual behavior.

Personal private emotional experiences

________ are most obvious component of emotions.

Non homeostatic drive

________: A drive that is relatively independent of physical deprivation cycles or body need states.

Drive

________: A state of bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst, that arises from an unmet need.

Adaptive behaviors

________: Actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions.

explanatory style

Your ________ (the way that you evaluate the events that you experience) has three components: pervasiveness (to the extent to which you believe the event can impact others areas of your life), permanence (the extent to which you believe the conditions will last), and the extent to which the events reflecting that are personal (that is, how much they reflect your unchanging characteristics versus changeable circumstances)

Biological preparedness

________ (to learn): Organism are more easily ale to learn some associations (e.g., food with illness) than others (e.g., flashing light with illness)

Social motives

________: Learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture.

distinct episodes

Occurs in ________ when bodily damage takes place or is about to occur.

Response

________: Any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior.

Text anxiety

________: High levels of arousal and worry that seriously impair test performance.

Hunger levels

________ are affected by both internal bodily factors and external environmental and social factors.

Polygraph

________: A device for recording heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response; commonly called a "lie detector,

Cultural values

________ affect the incentive value of foods.

Behavioral dieting

________: Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self- starvation.

Motivation

A process that arouses, maintains, and guides behavior toward a goal

Need

An internal deficiency that may energize behavior

Drive

A state of bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst, that arises from an unmet need

Response

Any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior

Goal

The target or objective of motivated behavior

Incentive

A reward or other stimulus that motivates behavior

Self-determination theory

Proposes that needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are critical motivational needs

Intrinsic motivation

Desire to engage in a behavior based on internal rewards

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation that comes from outside of the person

Hierarchy of needs

Maslows classification of human motivations by order of importance from basic biological function to self-actualization

Basic needs

The first four levels of needs in Maslows hierarchy; lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs

Growth needs

In Maslows hierarchy, the higher-level needs associated with self-actualization

Biological motives

Innate motives based on biological needs

Stimulus motives

Innate needs for stimulation and information

Learned motives

Motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals

Homeostasis

The steady state of body equilibrium

Sex drive

The strength of ones motivation to engage in sexual behavior

Estrus

Changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating; particularly used to refer to females in heat

Estrogen

Any of a number of female sex hormones

Androgen

Any of a number of male sex hormones, especially testosterone

Non-homeostatic drive

A drive that is relatively independent of physical deprivation cycles or body need states

Circadian rhythm

A 24-Hour biological cycle found in humans and many other species

Extracellular thirst

Thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells

Intracellular thirst

Thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cells

Hypothalamus

A small area of the brain that regulates emotional behaviors and basic biological needs

Set point (for fat)

The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating

Taste aversion

An active dislike for a particular food

Biological preparedness (to learn)

Organism are more easily ale to learn some associations (e.g., food with illness) than others (e.g., flashing light with illness)

Behavioral dieting

Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by a distorted body image and maintenance of unusually low body weight

Feeding and eating disorder

A problem managing food intake that manifests itself in forms such as a life-threatening failure to maintain sufficient body weight

Bulimia nervosa

A disorder marked by excessive eating followed by inappropriate methods of preventing weight gain

Arousal theory

Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal

Yerkes-Dodson law

A summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance

Text anxiety

High levels of arousal and worry that seriously impair test performance

Social motives

Learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture

Need for achievement

The drive to excel in ones endeavors

Need for power

The desire to have social impact and control over others

Opponent-process theory

States that strong emotions tend to be followed by the opposite emotional state; also the strength of both emotional states changes over time

Emotion

A feeling state that has physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components

Mood

A low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

The system of nerves carrying information to and from the internal organs and glands

Amygdala

A part of the limbic system associated with the rapid processing of emotions; especially fear

Polygraph

A device for recording heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response; commonly called a "lie detector,"

Guilty knowledge test

A polygraph procedure involving testing people with facts that only a guilty person could know

Adaptive behaviors

Actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions

Kinesics

Study of meaning of body movements, posture, hand gestures, and facial expressions; commonly called body language

Emotion regulation

Altering expression such that the emotion being displayed does not accurately reflect the one that is being experienced

Alexithymia

A learned difficulty expressing emotions, more common in men

Emotional appraisal

Evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation