AP Bio chapter 16 and 17 test questions

cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. approximately, what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine?

12

chargaff's analysis of the relative base composition of DNA was important because he was able to show that

each species of living things has its own unique composition of the four different bases and the amount of A is always equivalent to T, and C to G

what kind of chemical bond is found between paired bases of the DNA double helix?

hydrogen

it became apparent to watson and crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule would carry a vast amount of hereditary information in its

sequence of bases

the strands that make up DNA are antiparallel. this means that

the 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand

what determines the nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesized strand during DNA replication?

the nucleotide sequence of the template strand

what is the function of DNA polymerase?

to add nucleotides to the end of a growing DNA strand

the y-shaped structure where the DNA double helix is actively unwound during DNA replication is called the

replication fork

the leading and lagging strands of DNA differ in that

the leading strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately linked together

a new DNA strand elongates only in the 5' to 3' direction because

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the free 3' end.

which of the following statements about telomeres is correct?

they are present at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and they can be extended by an enzyme called telomerase

which of the following represents a similarity between RNA and DNA?

nucleotides consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and the nitrogenous base

a particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is AGT. the corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is

UCA

a possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phd-leu-ile-val would be

3' AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5'

what is the sequence of a peptide based on the mRNA sequence 5' UUUUCUUAUUGUCUU 3'

phe-ser-tyr-cys-leu

a particular eukaryotic protein is 300 amino acids long. which of the following could be the maximum number of nucleotides in the DNA that codes for the amino acids in this protein?

900

a codon

may code for the same amino acid as another codon

what are the coding segments of a stretch of eukaryotic DNA called?

exons

all of the following are directly involved in translation except

DNA

what is an anticodon part of?

tRNA

when does translation begin in prokaryotic cell?

during transcription

which of the following is analogous to the frame shift mutation THE CAT ATE THE RAT

THE CAT ATT HER AT

which of the above is analogous to a single substitution mutation? THE CAT ATE THE RAT

THE CAT ARE THE RAT

a frameshift mutation could result from

a base insertion only and a base deletion only

there are ___ different amino acids, ___ bases make up a codon, there are ____ different nitrogenous bases, and ____ different codons.

20, 3, 4, 64

which of the following is not true of RNA processing?

eons are cut out to be left in the nucleus

which is NOT true of RNA?

it can contain any of the 5 different nitrogenous bases

a virus capable of infecting a bacteria is called a...

bacteriophage

frederick griffith performed and experimented which helped to develop the idea that DNA is responsible for gene expression by doing an experiment with mice. He ultimately injected a mouse with "good bacteria that had been mixed with heat killed bacteria" and mice still dies. he concluded that the "good bacteria" had taken in DNA from the "heat killed variety". this process of taking up DNA from another organisms is called

transformation

t/f- dna replication is commonly called a semiconservative process

true

t/f- there is only one origins of replication in Eukaryotic DNA during replication

false

t/f- okazaki fragments are located on the leading strand during DNA replication

false

t/f- UAA, UGA, and UAG are known as start codons

false

t/f- alternative RNA splicing makes it possible for the same gene to make different proteins

true

t/f- transcription factors are like the "pit crew" that aid in RNA Poly II's to binding to DNA

true

replaces the RNA primer with the DNA nucleotides

DNA poly I

responsible for adding new nucleotides to the new complimentary strand of DNA

DNA poly III

lays down RNA primer so DNA nucleotides can be added

primase

unwinds the double helix of DNA as it gets ready to replicate

DNA helicase

lengthens the end of eukaryotic chromosomes in germ cells so they do not erode with each subsequent generation

telomerase

responsible for link okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

DNA ligase

responsible for making the mRNA sequence during transcription

RNA poly II

what is the equation for the central dogma of protein synthesis

DNA --transcription-->mRNA--translation-->protein

the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein in eukaryotic cells is called the central dogma of biology. explain the role of each of the following in protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.

-gene

-spliceosome

-promoter

-ribosome

-tRNA

1. gene

-accounts for what the parents give the child (what they inherit) it determines what their DNA is like which codes for the protein

2. spliceosomes

-snRPs and proteins are responsible for RNA splicing. They snRP's and other proteins are the spliceosomes. they get rid of introns, but keep exons

3. promoter

-promoter and transcription factors=transcription initiation complex. the promoter starts RNA poly II on the DNA molecule

4. ribosomes

-the final place the future protein goes where it is synthesized

5. tRNA

-tRNA transfers the amino acids to the ribosome during translation

describe transcription

1. initiation- RNA poly II binds with DNA

-promoter and transcription factors=transcription initiation complex

2. elongation- RNA vases are played down as multiple RNA poly II race down the DNA

3. termination- RNA transcript is released when RNA poly II jumps off DNA

-Euk. need processing before translation

describe translation

a-site: mRNA and tRNA bond together

p-site: amino acids bind to form a polypeptide

e-site: tRNA with polypeptide is booted to the ribosome (when stop codon stops translation)

identify differences between transcription and translation

transcription produces mRNA while translation produces a polypeptide. transcription also uses a RNA polymerase while translation does not.

how does transcription and translation differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

pro.= no nucleus, transcription and translation at the same time

euk.= nucleus divides, transcription first in nucleus, translation next in cytoplasm

pro.= promoter, elongator, terminator, no mRNA processing

euk.= promoter, trascription facotrs, pre-mRNA to be processed