skibidi

Exposure Therapies

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

Systematic Desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat specific phobias

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face specific fears, such as flying, spiders, or public speaking

Aversive Conditioning

associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Token Economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

Cognitive Therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Group Therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction

Family Therapy

therapy that treats people in the context of their family system; views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Confirmation Bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Meta-Analysis

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

Evidence-Based Practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and client characteristics and preferences

Therapeutic Alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

Psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Antipsychotic Drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders

Antianxiety Drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

Antidepressant Drugs

drugs used to treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder

Electroconvulsive Therapy

a biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to change behavior

Lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients; this procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

Posthypnotic Suggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired behaviors and symptoms

Posttraumatic Growth

positive psychological changes following a struggle with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

Dissociative Disorders

a controversial, rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior

Dissociative Identity Disorder

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities

Dissociative Amnesia

a disorder in which people with intact brains reportedly experience memory gaps and may report not remembering trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity and life history

Personality Disorders

a group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone's cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and cause distress or impairment

Antisocial Personality Disorder

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Feeding and Eating Disorders

a group of disorders characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning

Anorexia Nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie food) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder)

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

Deinstitutionalization

the process, begun in the late twentieth century, or moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Biomedical Therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

Eclectic Approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique; Freud believed that patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the analyst's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in an effort to promote insight

Transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Psychodynamic Therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight

Insight Therapies

therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Person-Centered Therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth

Active Listening

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification

Unconditional Positive Regard

a caring, accepting, non-judgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Behavior Therapy

therapy that uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors

Counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors