Immunology Exam 1

What general activities are performed by the immune system during inflammation

Increased cell permeability, phagocytosis, cytokine release, migration of WBCs to site of infection

What is commensal bacteri

“Good” bacteria that colonize the body surface

What is the definition of a pathogen

Disease-causing organism

What is the definition of a primary pathogen

An organism that causes disease with every invasion

What is the definition of an opportunistic pathogen

An organism that can cause disease only when the immune system is compromised or when it invades in high numbers

What scenarios could cause a weakened immune system

Immunocompromised patient, stress, secondary infection

What is an extra cellular pathogen

A pathogen that infects the body outside of the cell

What are some examples of an extra cellular pathogen

Bacteria, parasites, allergens, toxins

What is an intracellular pathogen

A pathogen that infects the body by entering cellsw

What are some examples of intracellular pathogens

Viruses, mycobacteria, toxins

What are some general components of the innate immune system

PRRs, innate cells, complement, acute phase proteins, antimicrobial peptides

What are some characteristics of the innate immune system that differentiate it from adaptive immunity

No memory, fast response, not antigen-specific, easily overwhelmed

What are some characteristics of adaptive immunity that differentiate it from innate immunity

Humoral and cell-mediated, has memory

What cells are the main players in humoral immunity

B cells

What cells are the main factors of cell-mediated immunity

T-cells

What do cytokines do

Act on the producer or other cells to initiate an action

What do chemokines do

Tell cells to migrate to a location

What is the progenitor of all white blood cells

Hematopoietic stem cells

Which cells differentiate from myeloid progenitor cells

Neutrophils, monocytes

Which cells differentiate from lymphoid progenitor cells

T cells, B cells, NK cells, Innate lymphoid cells

What is the term for cells with multi-lobed nuclei and many cytoplasmic granules

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

What is the term for white blood cells with a single, round nucleus and few cytoplasmic granules

Mononuclear cells

What are some examples of polymorphonuclear granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

What are some examples of mononuclear cells

Lymphocytes, monocytes

What type of cells live in tissue

Macrophages/sentinel cells

What is the job of monocytes

Phagocytosis, cytokine release

Where do monocytes reside

In blood

Where do macrophages reside

In tissue

What is the job of a macrophage

Phagocytosis

What is the difference between a monocyte and macrophage

Monocyte is in blood, macrophage is in tissue

What are some sentinel cells

Macrophage, dendritic cells

Where do dendritic cells mature

In tissue

What are some antigen-presenting cells

Macrophage/monocyte, dendritic cell

What is the job description of a sentinel cell

Reside in tissue, search for pathogens, recognize invaders, initiate immune response

What do NK cells targe

Tumor cells, viruses

What is the definition of a primary lymphoid tissue

Tissue in which lymphocytes mature and B-cell receptors are developed

What are some primary lymphoid tissues

Bone marrow, peyer’s patches, Bursa of Fabricius, Thymus

Where do T cells mature

Thymus

Where do B cells mature

Bone marrow, peyer’s patches, Bursa of fabricius

What organ do only birds have that is a primary lymphoid tissue

Bursa of Fabricius

What is the definition of a secondary lymphoid tissue

Tissue where lymphocytes are stored, differentiate, and activate

What are some examples of secondary lymphoid tissue

Lymph nodes, spleen, peyer’s patches

Which type of tissue is both secondary and primary lymphoid tissue

Peyer’s patches

What are the five categories of -associated lymphoid tissue

MALT, NALT, BALT, GALT, SALT

where are lymph-borne pathogens presented to lymphocytes

Lymph nodes

Where are blood-borne pathogens presented to lymphocytes

Spleen

Where are mucosal pathogens presented to lymphocytes

Peyer’s patches

What is lymph

Plasma that has leaked from blood vessels

what area of the body does the right lymphatic duct filter

Upper right quadrant

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty

Right subclavian vein

What areas of the body does the thoracic lymph duct filter

All parts except upper right quadrant

What vein does the thoracic duct feed

Left subclavian vein

Which cells are considered granulocytic

Neutrophils, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils

What is the first line of defense for all pathogens

Epithelial barrier

How long does it take for the innate immune system to activate

Minutes to hours

Which type of immunity acts first

Innate immunity

What are PAMPs

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Are PAMPs exogenous or endogenous

Exogenous

What are DAMPs

Damage-associated molecular patterns

Are DAMPs exogenous or endogenous

Endogenous

What is another name for DAMPs

Alarmins

Are PAMPs associated with cells or pathogens

Pathogens

Are DAMPs associated with cells or pathogens

Cells

What are PRRs

Pattern-recognition receptors

What kind of cells have PRRs

Epithelial, white blood cells/leukocytes

What are TLRs

Toll-like receptors

What is the definition of a toll-like receptor

Transmembrane glycoprotein receptor

In general, what kinds of pathogens do TLRs recognize

Bacteria, fungi, viruses

Do TLRs recognize pathogens that are intracellular or extracellular

Both

What is the main purpose of TLRs

PAMP recognition, cytokine release

What immune response pathway initiates multiple inflammatory pathways

Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)

Which two transcription factors are produced after activation of extracellular TLRs

MAPK, NF-kB

What cytokines do MAPK and NF-kB produce

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha

What interferon regulatory factor is produced after intracellular TLR activation

IRF3

What type of interfereon does IRF3 produce

Type 1 (antiviral)

What type of pathogen do RIG-like receptors recognize

Viral dsRNA

Are RIG-like receptors intracellular or extracelluar

Intracellular

What type of interferon do RIG-like receptors initiate the production of

Type I

Are NOD-like receptors intracellular or extracellular

Intracellular

What type of pathogen do NOD-like receptors recognize

Bacteria

What do NOD-like receptors initiate the production of

Pro inflammatory cytokines

What type of PRR is on both WBCs and epithelial cells

TLR

What type of response does IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha initiate

Systemic

What type of response does IL-12 initiate

NK, T-cell

What do interferons do

Interfere with viral replication, signal other cells

What cytokines are proinflammatory

IL-IB, IL-6, TNF-alpha

What cytokines are antiinflammatory

IL-10, IL-13,

What are acute-phase proteins

Proteins produced by the liver that increase or decrease in inflammation

What are some examples of positive acute phase proteins

C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, SAA

Which acute phase protein is important in cattle

Haptoglobin

What are positive acute phase proteins

Proteins that increase during inflammation

What are negative acute phase proteins

Proteins that decrease during inflammation

What step of phagocytosis are E-selection and L-selection important for

Adherence

What are the steps of phagocytosis

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, destruction

What is the pocket that brings the pathogen into the cell

phagosome

what is the combination of lysosomal granules and phagosome

phagolysosome

What are some examples of lyric enzymes

Hydroplanes, defending, collagenase, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, lysosome

Which type of lyric enzyme adds water to break bonds

Hydrolase

What lyric enzyme targets gram positive bacteria

Defensins

Which lyric enzyme degrades connective tissue

Collagenase