MSU EXAM 4 PSYCH

stress

threatened homeostasis, thing responsible for imbalance (stressor)

stressor

the thing that disrupts psychological balance

stress response

the body’s adaptations that reestablish balance

environmental stressor

any stress with an ending

chronic stressor

a stressor that continues (family being sick)

alarm phase

when you find or see something stressful and the symathetic nervous system acts up

resistence phase

activation of response systems and reestablishment of homeostasis gets turned on

exhaustion phase

consequences of prolonged stress response, ability to resist collapses

stress resistance GENERAL

alarm phase goes down, resistance phase goes up, and then exhaustion plummits again

negative stress

stress for something bad happening (zebra)

positive stress

stressed about gaining something (the lion eating the zebra)

hpa axis

1.hypothalamus (alarm detector, signals to wake up system) 2.pituitary gland (gets signal from hypothalamus, sends ACTH into system), 3. adrenal glands (the responders, releases blood into stream) THIS ALL HELPS WITH SOLVING CHALLENGES

stress can be…

positive and negative

what changes your reaction level to stress?

sex: women have higher cortisol than men, genetics, prenatal environment (if mother is stressed or not), postnatal (traumatic childhood, sensitive HPA), prior sterss experience, social support, predictability, control over stressor

what happens for stress during pregnancy?

increased stressed baby

what does stress do to immune function?

it works at a slower rate

what do white blood cells do?

they are part of your immune system, and they protect you

B cells

remember past viruses so you dont get sick again

T cells

attack intruders right away

natural killer cells

kills viruses and destroys tumors

what does stress do to white blood cells?

it makes them weaker, with cortisol, blocks white blood cells from doing what they need to

medical student stress test

med students blood was measured, they noticed white blood cells were weaker during exam week

Type A

competetive, fast paced, impacient, easily angered, hostile HIGH LIKELY HOOD HEART DISEASE EVEN MORET THAN SMOKING AND BLOOD PRESSURE

Type B

relaxed, calm, easy going

how does stress hurt the heart?

people resort to smoking, drinking, eat unhealthy, no excersize

what happens when you’re stressed?

blood vessels tighten, blod flow decreases, blood pressure increases, heart works harder

what happens to the heart overtime with stress?

over time, the heart starts to tear and arteries get filled with plaque

effects of chronic stress

high blood pressure, blood vessels contract, vessels tighten up, heart gets overworked which is dangerous because it already pumps 100,000 times a day

individuals differences in coping

people have different levels of stress, some people are more resilient, positive emotions help people think creatively and find better solutions, resilience can be learned with maybe therapy?

appraisal

the way to look at stress, how you think of a sitaution

primary appraisal

is this stressful? is this harmless?

secondary appraisal

what can I do about it, how do I fix this?

emotion based coping

trying to reduce emotional reaction of the stressor

problem focused

try to solve or minimize the issue

positive reappraisal

changing how you feel about the issue

downward comparison

comparing yourself to someone worse off

repressive coping

trying not to think about the stressor

rational coping

trying to overcome the stressor (acceptence, exposure, and understanding)

reframing

seeing the stressor in a positive way (seeing finals week as a challenge)

writing strategies

writing down your stressors reduces stress, this helps because it gets the thoughts out of your mind, and makes it feel more manageable

stress management techniques

meditation, relaxation theory (slow breathing), aerobic excersize, social support, humor, time management and planning ahead

pathological disorder

becomes pathological when it is long lasting, extreme, and interferes with daily life

comorbidy

having more than one disorder at a time

internalizing

stress that is kept to oneself

extrernalizing

when stress gets acted out into the world

respect and stigma

people with psyhological disroders should get treated similarlarly to those with physical illness

first person language

referring to the person first (individual with shcizophrenia)

positive symptoms

synpotoms that are added

negative sympotoms

sympotoms where something is removed

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions, hallucienations, disorganized thinking, disorganized speech

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

amnesia, poverty of speech, long pauses, lack of motivation, reduced emotional highs and lows

who was john forbes nash

someone who got diagnosed with schizophrenia, but then won the nobel piece prize in economics

causes of schizophrenia

genetics (quadrouplets all having schizophrenia), neural brain differences (enlarged ventricles, less brain tissues, reduced activity in frontal lobe, reduced activity in temporal lobe (language)

treatment for schizophrenia

psychiatrist, or second generation antipsychotic medication (work well with less negative side affects in comparison to old drugs) (reduce accesive dopamine activity)

major depression

severe symptoms for at least 2 weeks

persistant depressive disorder

less severe symptoms that last for 2 years

depression prevalence

25% of people suffer from depression, more in women than men

seasonal affective disorder SAD

sad in cold months, happy in warm months (connected to amount of vitamin d and sunlight)- can be helped with UV light or glasses?

antidepressants

dont make someone happy but they reduce depression and sadness (increase monoamines=serotonin, dopamine, notepinephrine

SSRIs

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

MAOIS

monoamiine oxidase inhibitors (block the enzyme)

cognitive behavioral therapy

most effective psychological treatments for depression Goal: change negative though patterns

learned helplessness

individuals may have learned that their actions don’t lead to change so they give up

explanatory style

individuals may blame themselves for bad events or outcomes (best approach=medication and therapy together)

diathesis stress model

chnace of getting depression depends on genetics and life stress amount

bipolar disorder

cycling of mood changes between periods of mania, and depression, more depressive periods that are longer

bipolar disorder- depressive episode and manic episode

sad- prolonged sadness, suicidal thoughts. manic- much elevated neural activity, brain on fire

bipolar disorder prevalence

4%, no treatment, lithium and antipsychotics (depression treatments can trigger the manic episodes)

specific phobias

intense fear of a certain thing (fenn with snakes, she still liked hiking so she still did it)

anxieties prevalence

6% of population, more common in women

treatment for phobias

desensitization, gettijng closer and closer until youre not scared anymore

OCD

specific acts that a person is driven to perform over and over to counteract obsessive worry

OCD prevalence

1-2% of population

OCD Treatment

exposure therapy, antidepressant medication, reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclics THERAPY BEST TREATMENT

Dissaciative disorder

preson gets mulitple distinct personalities, these personalities are unaware of others, mostly reported severe childhood trauma,

dissacoiative disorder prevalence

rare .5-1%, more common in women

obedience factors

farther someone is away easier to do harm to them, if authority figure is there= more obedient, if another person does it they do and if another person stops they do

diffusion of responsability

people assume that its another persons problem

social loafing

people work less hard in groups because efforts are less identified

deindividualation

acting as a group and not your individual self

bystander affect

people not seeking help for dead people with more people around, affect from difusion of responsability

hugo tate

dead man for 1.5 hours people were walking by nobody helped BYSTANDER AFFECT

explicit attitudes

conscious feelings that we can openly report

implicit emotions

unconscious, automatic evaluations that operate below level of awareness

self fulfiling prophecy

beleif or expectation causes itself to be unconsiously someones behavior

self serving bais

if you do bad you say its luck but if you do good you think its bc youre smart

fundamental attribution error

judge others basded off personality, and ourselves on luck

cognitive dissonance

actions dont match beleifs= can either change actions or beleifs

prejudice

negative belief or evaluation about someone based off a group

stereotype

culturally shared belief- everyone is aware of it

amadou diallo

pulled out an id, got shot for thinking its a gun STEREOTYPE