[01.07] Pharmacodynamics 1_ Introduction, Basic Concepts, and Definition V2

Study of drugs

What is pharmacology?

Experimentally isolated and purified chemicals

What does formal pharmacology deal with?

Any substance or product that is used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease by modifying the physiological system or pathological state to benefit the recipient

What is the definition of a drug?

All of the above (Gold, Echinacea, Salt)

Which of the following are considered drugs: Gold, Echinacea, Salt?

Vedasin India

Which ancient text from 2500 BC provided early records of 300 herbal plants for medicinal use?

Chinese Pan tsao materia medica

Which ancient Chinese text recorded about 2000 remedies, including acupuncture?

Ayurvedic medicine

Which ancient medicine tradition from 3000 BC recorded 650 herbal remedies?

Egyptian papyrus

Which document from 1500 BC contained 800 prescriptions, including opium and atropine?

Hippocrates

Who advocated "Medicatrix naturae" or the "Healing power of nature" around 400 BC?

Diocorides Pedanius

Who authored "De Materia Medica" around 980 AD, providing records of early applications of natural sources of medications?

Paracelsus

Which figure defined drugs as anything that produces an effect and stated, "All substances are potential cures and poisons… the right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy"?

1700s to 1800s

When is the birth of pharmacology considered to have occurred?

Edward Jenner

Who developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796?

Francoise Magendie

Who studied strychnine in the early 19th century?

Friedrich Serturner

Who isolated morphine in 1805?

H. Kolbe

Who isolated Salicylic acid in 1859?

John Jacob Abel

Who is credited with establishing pharmacology as a formal study and isolated epinephrine and insulin?

1928

When did the antibiotic era begin with the discovery of penicillin?

Financial cost of drug development and more stringent regulation

What two factors led to a slight lull in drug development from the 1990s to 2010s?

1980s

When did the age of biotechnology begin with the development of the first monoclonal antibodies?

90%

What percentage of drugs are sourced from plants or plant products?

Pancreas

What animal organ is a source of insulin?

Fe, Mg, Zn

Name three examples of minerals that serve as sources of drugs.

Lactobacillus, Penicillium, Streptomyces sp.

Name three examples of microbial sources of drugs.

Antihistamines

What is an example of a semi-synthetic or synthetic drug?

Recombinant DNA technology

What technology, developed in the 2000s, allows for the production of insulin by E. coli?

Targeted therapies

What drug development approach, important in oncology, focuses on receptor-specific, enzyme-specific, or cell signaling-specific targets?

All substances have the potential for cure and for adverse effects

What is one important observation from the history of drug development regarding drugs from various sources?

Purity, isolation, packaging, and dosage forms

What is the only difference between botanicals and chemicals once they are purified?

Safety and efficacy standards

What standards should any product with therapeutic or health-enhancing claims meet?

The form by which drugs are delivered to its site of action within the body

What is a dosage form?

To deliver an accurate amount of an active ingredient, in a desired vehicle, to an ideal site, optimize absorption, and protect the active ingredient from biotransformation

What are the objectives of a good dosage form?

Tablets, capsules, implants, transdermal patches

Name three examples of shaped solid dosage forms.

Powders for external/internal use

What is an example of an unshaped solid dosage form?

Suppositories, Pessaries

Name two examples of shaped semi-solid dosage forms.

Gels, creams, ointments, pastes

Name three examples of unshaped semi-solid dosage forms.

Solutions, syrups, spirits, elixirs, tinctures

Name three examples of monophasic liquid dosage forms.

Emulsions, suspensions

Name two examples of biphasic liquid dosage forms.

Lotions, liniments, collodions

Name two examples of external liquid dosage forms.

Aerosols (inhalation/volatile anesthetics)

What type of gaseous dosage form includes inhalation or volatile anesthetics?

Tablets, capsules, powders, and granules

What are some of the most commonly used solid dosage forms?

Diluents

What excipients provide bulk to solid dosage forms?

Disintegrants

What excipients ensure that tablets dissolve?

Binders

What excipients allow for granulation in tablet production?

Glidants and lubricants

What excipients allow for good transit in the GI tract?

Sweeteners and flavors

What excipients are added to mask taste?

Coating agents

What excipients extend shelf life by preventing degradation?

Rapid dissolution and direct absorption into the bloodstream, bypassing hepatic metabolism

What are two advantages of buccal and sublingual tablets?

Myocardial infarction

For what condition might drugs requiring immediate effect be administered sublingually?

Uncoated tablets that dissolve when diluted in water

What are effervescent tablets?

Pediatric, adult, or elderly patients

Which patient populations are chewable tablets designed for?

Oral granules, lozenges, pastilles, pills

Name three other oral dosage forms besides tablets and capsules.

Linctuses

What are viscous preparations with a high proportion of syrup and glycerol, often used as cough medications?

Collodions

What liquid dosage form consists of a solution of nitrocellulose with acetone, sometimes with alcohol, used for wart removers?

Gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints

Name two monophasic liquid dosage forms used superficially in the mouth.

Lotions, liniments, collodions, paints

Name three monophasic liquid dosage forms applied to the skin.

Eye drops, ear drops, nasal drops, douches, rectal enemas

Name three monophasic liquid dosage forms instilled into body cavities.

Suspension

What is an example of a biphasic liquid dosage form that is a solid in a liquid for oral administration?

Emulsions

What is an example of a biphasic liquid dosage form that is a liquid in a liquid for oral administration?

Vehicles, antioxidants, preservatives, buffers, bulking agents, sweeteners, flavoring agents, coloring agents

Name five types of excipients found in liquid dosage forms.

Active ingredient

Which of the following is NOT a function of excipients: Vehicles, Antioxidant, Preservatives, Active ingredient?

Very quick onset of action

What is an advantage of lung preparations (inhaled dosage forms)?

Gases, liquids, aerosols, solids

Name two types of lung preparations in terms of physical form.

Solutions, suspensions, emulsions, aerosols, gels, powders

Name three types of nasal preparations in terms of physical form.

Aqueous injections

What dosage form can typically be given intravenously, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly?

Sterility, presence of endotoxins, microbial limits, volume and container, particulates, content uniformity, preservative assay, moisture

Name three compendial tests that apply to all dosage forms.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

What are the two major fields into which traditional pharmacology divides discussions on the nature of drugs?

Therapeutics

What is the primary focus of pharmacology?

Appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate period of time, at the lowest cost to them and the community

According to the WHO, what are the four requirements for the rational use of drugs?

Development of drugs, nature of drugs, sources, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics

Name three bases for formulating a therapeutic plan for rational drug use.

ESSC Criteria (Efficacy, Safety, Suitability, Cost)

What criteria does the WHO summarize as pillars of rational drug use in therapeutic plans for choosing P-Drugs?

Cost

Which component of the ESSC Criteria is generally not part of YL6 examinations?

Generic drugs

What type of drugs are generally less costly than branded drugs?

Chemical name

What type of drug name is the scientific name that identifies the structure of the drug?

Generic name

What type of drug name is the standard International Nonproprietary Name (INN) that captures the active pharmaceutical ingredients?

Brand name

What type of drug name is the proprietary/trade name given by a manufacturer?

N-acetyl-p-aminophenol

What is the chemical name for Paracetamol?

Paracetamol

What is the generic name for N-acetyl-p-aminophenol?

Biogesic, Tylenol

Name two brand names for Paracetamol.

False

Is Paracetamol a brand name?

Pharmacotherapeutics

Which field of pharmacology focuses on the application of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles in choosing the appropriate drug for each condition?

Pharmacogenomics

Which field of pharmacology deals with "designer drugs" tailored to a person's phenotype?

Pharmacoepidemiology

Which field of pharmacology deals with the effects of drugs on particular communities?

Pharmacoeconomics

Which field of pharmacology considers the economic and social impact of drugs in choosing a drug?

Toxicology

Which field of pharmacology deals with the deleterious effects of drugs?

Pharmacovigilance

Which field of pharmacology is needed to monitor drug use?

Pharmacognosy

Which field of pharmacology derives the sources of drugs, especially plant sources?

Decision maker, communicator, care provider, community leader, manager

Name three qualities of a "5-star physician."

Assesses and improves the quality of care, makes optimal use of new technologies, promotes healthy lifestyles, reconciles individual and community health requirements, works efficiently in teams

Name three aspects of the WHO's proposed ideal profile of a physician.

What the body does to the drug

What is the definition of pharmacokinetics?

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (ADME)

What are the four processes that describe what the body does to a drug?

Route of administration, blood flow, barrier permeability

Name two factors that affect drug absorption.

Protein-binding mechanisms

What affects drug distribution?

Biotransformation

What process is involved in drug metabolism?

Hepatic and renal elimination

What affects drug excretion?

Kidney

Which organ is primarily responsible for drug excretion?

False

Is Adsorption one of the pharmacokinetic processes described by the ADME mnemonic?

How a drug gets into the bloodstream, how a drug moves around the body, how a drug is removed from the body

Which of these are aspects studied in pharmacokinetics: How a drug gets into the bloodstream, how a drug binds to its molecular target, how a drug moves around the body, how a drug is removed from the body?

What the drug does to the body

What is the definition of pharmacodynamics?

Drug-receptor binding mechanism

What is the most common mechanism responsible for a drug's ability to affect a predictable response?