therapy and treatment

Psychotherapy/psychodynamic therapy

• employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or attain personal growth. It has evolved into psychodynamic therapy. Unconscious conflicts, not symptom focused, typically unstructured and long term. 

Psychoanalysis

• developed by Freud. First form of psychotherapy. Believed disorders come from trauma and repressed impulses. So it involved talking about dreams or childhood memories

  • Free association: patients relax and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment. 

  • Dream analysis: therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams 

  • Transference: relationship between the patient and therapist over the years. Patient transfers all positive or negative emotions to the psychoanalyst

Play therapy

• often used with children. Involves that children play out their hopes, fantasies and traumas while using dolls

  • Directive: therapist provides structure and guidance in the play session

  • Nondirective: child encouraged to work though their problems by playing freely while therapist observes

Behavior therapy

• therapists employ principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors rather than digging deeply into one's unconscious. Therapists believe that patients' dysfunctional behaviors can be changed by teaching clients new more constructive behaviors. Employs both classical and operant conditioning techniques

Counterconditioning

Sed in behavior therapy. client learn through classical conditioning a mew response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior

• Aversive therapy: unpleasant stimulus is used to stop an undesirable response. Ex: every time you bit your nail you get a very bad taste

• Exposure therapy: therapist presents patient with the object or situation that causes their problem until they get used to it

Cognitive therapy

• focuses on how a person's thoughts lead to feelings of distress. Believe that how you think determines how you feel and act. Help clients see how they misinterpret a situation. Internal beliefs are key to cure dysfunctional behavior.

Cognitive behavioral therapy

• focus much more on present issues than patients' childhood or past. Help patients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior. Aims to change cognitive distortions and self defeating behaviors. Approach design to change the way people think as well as how they act. Similar to cognitive psychology as it aims to make individuals aware of their irrational and negative thoughts and replace them with more positive ways of thinking 

ABC model

Model of cognitive behavioral therapy. Affect, cognition and behavior

Affect

Part of ABC model, feelings. process helps shift a person's emotional state by re-evaluating their interpretation of situations. Ex: I’m gonna fail vs. I can overcome this challenge

Cognition

Part of ABC model, thoughts. trains the mind to move away from unhelpful patterns like black and white thinking. Encourages a more balanced and objective view to reduce impact of negative thoughts

Behavior

Part of ABC model. by changing underlying thoughts and feelings, cognitive restructuring changes behavior so that is less destructive and more helpful  

Appraisal theory

Part of cognitive behavioral therapy.

• psychological theory that states that emotions are the result of an individual's cognitive evaluation or appraisal of a situation. Your interpretation of an event determines your emotional response. 

Transactional model of stress and coping

Part of cognitive behavioral therapy. proposes that stress is a transaction between an individual and their environment, determined by the person's appraisal of the situation and their coping resources. Involves three stages

Primary appraisal

Stage of Transactional Model of Stress and Coping. initial evaluation of a situation to determine if it is stressful

Secondary appraisal

Stage of Transactional Model of Stress and Coping. occurs if the situation is deemed as stressful. Individual assesses own coping resources and what can be done for the situation 

Coping

Stage of Transactional Model of Stress and Coping. process of using cognitive and behavioral strategies to manage the demands of the situation and the emotional response it causes

Cognitive behavior therapy for depression

• aims to develop more accurate/helpful beliefs about self, future and world. Uses behavioral therapy to increase contact with sources of reward

Humanistic therapy

• goal is to help people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves. Focus on conscious thoughts and emphasize patients present and future

Rogerian/client-centered therapy

Part of humanistic therapy. changed patient to client. Form of nondirective therapy where therapist does not give advice but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings

Emption focused therapy for depression

• empirically supported treatment that helps individuals process and transform painful emotions to relieve suffering. Involves using experiential work and techniques to help clients express and release unprocessed feelings, which can lead to healing and access to resilience. Focuses on client therapist relationship and develops greater self-compassion

Active listening

Part of humanistic therapy. therapist acknowledges, restates and clarifies what the client expresses

Unconditioned postive regard

Part of humanistic therapy. therapist doesn’t judge clients and simply accepted them

Acceptance/mindfulness-based approaches

• change patients' relationship with thouhgts, feelings, memories and physical sensations that are feared or avoided. Decreases avoidance, increases acceptance and focus on valued actions. Is a type of meditation in whoch you focus on being intensely aware of what you are sensing and feeling in the moent, wiothout interpretation of judgement

Biomedical therapy

• involves medication to treat psychological disorders. Medication used are called psychotropic medications 

  • Electroconvulsive  therapy: not very used. Involves using electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

Intake

• therapist first meeting with a client 

Confidentiality

• therapists cannot disclose confidential communication unless mandated or permitted by law to do so

In patient

• person stays overnight or for extended period in a hospital or residential facility to receive 24 hour care and monitoring

Out patient

• no overnight stay. Person visits for appointments, therapy or check ups and then returns home 

Partial hospital

• patients attend intensive treatment several hours a day several days a week but go home at night. Middle ground between in patient and out patient

Therapeutic structure

• Manualised: therapy approach that follows a written manual detailing specific procedures, techniques and session structures. Used to maintain consistency across therapists and settings. Common in treatments like CBT

Therapeutic alliance

• collaborative bond between therapist and client. Includes trust, agreement, goals and emotional connection

Catharsis

Part of change process, a mechanism for improvement, consists of emotional release

Adaptive behaviors

Part of change process, a mechanism for improvement, consists of developing healthier coping skills

Awareness

Part of change process, a mechanism for improvement, consists of recognizing thoughts, feelings and behaviors

Insight

Part of change process, a mechanism for improvement, consists of new understanding of one self

Interpersonal skills

Part of change process, a mechanism for improvement, consists of Improving relationships and communication

New behavioral repertoire

• learning and practicing new, healthier ways of thinking, feeling and behaving

Open science

movement encouraging transparency, accessibility and collaboration in scientific research. Emphasizes sharing data, methods and results openly so that others can verify, replicate and build up upon them. Ensures studies are credible, reproducible and ethically conducted