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96 Terms

1

Species Importance

Understanding species is crucial for utility, biodiversity, and classification.

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2

Utility of Species Definition

Helps in organizing and retrieving biological information.

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3

Biodiversity

Species are central to conservation and ecological studies.

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4

Classification

Provides a basic rank in biological classification systems.

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5

Biological Species Concept

Defines species as populations capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.

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6

Reproductive Barriers

Factors that prevent interbreeding between species.

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7

Prezygotic Barriers

Barriers that occur before fertilization, preventing mating or fertilization.

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8

Types of Prezygotic Barriers

Geographical, ecological, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation.

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9

Postzygotic Barriers

Barriers that occur after fertilization, affecting hybrid viability or fertility.

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10

Limitations of Biological Species Concept

Not applicable to asexual organisms or where sexual reproduction is unobservable.

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11

Morphological Species Concept

Based on structural features to determine species.

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12

Limitations of Morphological Species Concept

Phenotypic plasticity and genetic variability can obscure true classifications.

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13

Evolutionary Species Concept

Defines a species as a cluster of organisms representing a lineage of descent.

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14

DNA Barcoding

Utilizes DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and DNA sequencing for species identification.

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15

Applications of DNA Barcoding

New species discovery, biodiversity assessment, phylogenetic studies, regulation of endangered species.

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16

Ecological Species Concept

Defines species based on their ecological niche and lifestyle.

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17

Taxonomic Challenges

Difficulties in classifying species due to the subjective nature of classifications.

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18

Convention on Biological Diversity

An international treaty aimed at sustaining biodiversity.

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19

International Union for the Conservation of Nature

An organization aimed at promoting sustainable development through nature conservation.

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20

Study of Biological Diversity

Reflects phylogeny and evolutionary history of species.

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21

5-Kingdom Scheme

Proposed by R.H. Whittaker to classify organisms into five kingdoms.

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22

Prokaryotes

Organisms without membrane-bound organelles, including bacteria and archaea.

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23

Eukaryotes

Organisms with membrane-bound organelles and DNA in a nucleus.

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24

Main Features of Bacteria

Unique rRNA sequences, no introns, presence of peptidoglycan cell wall.

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25

Archaea Characteristics

Similar rRNA sequences to eukaryotes, presence of introns in some genes.

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26

Kingdom Monera

Includes prokaryotic organisms, divided into bacteria and archaea.

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27

Mode of Nutrition in Monerans

Includes photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.

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28

Cyanophyta

Photosynthetic bacteria known as blue-green algae.

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29

Forms of Bacteria

Include bacillus (rod-shaped), spirillum (corkscrew-shaped), coccus (spherical).

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30

Kingdom Protista

Mostly unicellular eukaryotes with a wide range of complexity.

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31

Photosynthetic Protists Examples

Chlorophyta (green algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae), Rhodophyta (red algae).

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32

Heterotrophic Protists Examples

Ciliates, sarcodines, apicomplexans, myxomycetes, oomycetes, zoomastigophorans.

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33

Kingdom Fungi Characteristics

Heterotrophs that absorb food, with cell walls made of chitin.

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34

Types of Fungi

Include chytrids, zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes.

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35

Kingdom Plantae Characteristics

Multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.

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36

Types of Plants

Include non-vascular (moss) and vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms).

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37

Vascular Plants Examples

Pteridophytes (ferns), gymnosperms (pines), angiosperms (flowering plants).

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38

Types of Angiosperm Fruits

Includes simple, aggregate, and multiple fruits.

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39

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics

Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic and motile.

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40

Porifera Characteristics

Sponges, no true tissues, asymmetrical, aquatic.

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41

Cnidarian Characteristics

Diploblastic, radial symmetry, specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes.

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42

Platyhelminthes Characteristics

Flatworms with acoelomate body plan, bilateral symmetry.

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43

Nematodes Characteristics

Unsegmented roundworms with a pseudo-coelom.

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44

Annelids Characteristics

Segmented worms with a true coelom.

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45

Mollusks Characteristics

Soft-bodied organisms with coelom, features like a mantle.

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46

Arthropods Characteristics

Largest phylum, jointed appendages, exoskeleton.

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47

Echinoderms Characteristics

Marine organisms with radial symmetry.

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48

Chordate Characteristics

Presence of notochord, pharyngeal slits, dorsal tubular nerve cord.

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49

Subphylum Urochordates

Sea squirts, notochord present in larval stage.

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50

Subphylum Cephalochordates

Lancelets, notochord persists throughout life.

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51

Jawless Vertebrates Examples

Includes hagfish and lampreys.

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52

Jawed Vertebrates Examples

Include cartilaginous fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals.

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53

Darwinism

Theory proposing evolution by natural selection.

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54

Natural Selection,

Mechanism of evolution where advantageous traits increase survival and reproduction.

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55

Genetic Drift

Changes in gene frequencies in populations due to chance events.

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56

Bottleneck Effect

A reduction in population size leading to decreased genetic variation.

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57

Founder Effect

Small founding population forms new species in isolated niche.

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58

Microevolution

Evolutionary change within a species or population.

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59

Fossil Record

Historical documentation of life on Earth with evidence of past species.

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60

Comparative Anatomy

Study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.

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61

Homologous Structures

Similar structures in different species that have a common evolutionary origin.

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62

Analogous Structures

Similar functions in different species but different evolutionary origins.

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63

Comparative Embryology

Study of similarities in embryonic development among related organisms.

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64

Molecular Biology Evidence

Related individuals show greater similarities in DNA and proteins.

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65

Divergent Evolution

Evolutionary pattern where related species develop different traits.

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66

Convergent Evolution

Independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated species.

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67

Allopatric Speciation

Speciation that occurs due to physical barriers dividing populations.

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68

Sympatric Speciation

Speciation that occurs without physical separation.

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69

Definition of Evolution

Changes in populations over time driven by mechanisms like natural selection.

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70

Key Terms in Evolution

Includes alleles, population, and adaptation.

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71

History of Evolutionary Thought

Major historical figures include Anaximander, Buffon, Lamarck, Darwin, Mendel.

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72

Mendel's Law of Segregation

Two alleles per trait segregate during gamete formation.

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73

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Different genes are inherited independently of each other.

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74

Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection

Argument that individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive.

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75

Microevolution Evidence

Artificial selection, genetic variation maintained by natural selection.

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76

Macroevolution Evidence

Includes fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.

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77

Misconceptions About Evolution

Common myths include evolution is random or goal-oriented.

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78

Key Principles of Ecosystems

Interactions and exchange of materials and energy within ecosystems.

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79

Biotic Components

Producers, consumers, and decomposers within an ecosystem.

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80

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Energy captured by producers diminishes at each trophic transfer.

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81

Trophic Levels

Hierarchical levels in an ecosystem based on feeding positions.

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82

Biogeochemical Cycles

Pathways connecting air, water, and soil through biotic processes.

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83

Hydrologic Cycle

Cycle involving evaporation and precipitation of water.

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84

Nitrogen Cycle

Involves nitrogen fixation, assimilation, and bacterial processes.

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85

Phosphorus Cycle

Cycle involving weathering of rocks and uptake by plants.

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86

Community Definition

Changes in species composition following disturbances.

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87

Primary Succession

Succession starting on a bare substrate after a disturbance.

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88

Secondary Succession

Succession following a disturbance in an existing community.

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89

Keystone Species

Species with a disproportionate impact on community structure.

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90

Sustainable Yield

Using resources without depleting them.

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91

Anthropogenic Impact

Effects of human activity on ecosystems.

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92

Biodiversity Definition

Variety and variability of life on Earth.

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93

Genetic Diversity

Variation in genes within a species.

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94

Species Diversity

Variety of species within a habitat or ecosystem.

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95

Ecosystem Diversity

Different ecosystems within a region.

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96

Philippine Biodiversity

Total species and endemism data, including threatened statuses.

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