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Species Importance
Understanding species is crucial for utility, biodiversity, and classification.
Utility of Species Definition
Helps in organizing and retrieving biological information.
Biodiversity
Species are central to conservation and ecological studies.
Classification
Provides a basic rank in biological classification systems.
Biological Species Concept
Defines species as populations capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.
Reproductive Barriers
Factors that prevent interbreeding between species.
Prezygotic Barriers
Barriers that occur before fertilization, preventing mating or fertilization.
Types of Prezygotic Barriers
Geographical, ecological, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation.
Postzygotic Barriers
Barriers that occur after fertilization, affecting hybrid viability or fertility.
Limitations of Biological Species Concept
Not applicable to asexual organisms or where sexual reproduction is unobservable.
Morphological Species Concept
Based on structural features to determine species.
Limitations of Morphological Species Concept
Phenotypic plasticity and genetic variability can obscure true classifications.
Evolutionary Species Concept
Defines a species as a cluster of organisms representing a lineage of descent.
DNA Barcoding
Utilizes DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and DNA sequencing for species identification.
Applications of DNA Barcoding
New species discovery, biodiversity assessment, phylogenetic studies, regulation of endangered species.
Ecological Species Concept
Defines species based on their ecological niche and lifestyle.
Taxonomic Challenges
Difficulties in classifying species due to the subjective nature of classifications.
Convention on Biological Diversity
An international treaty aimed at sustaining biodiversity.
International Union for the Conservation of Nature
An organization aimed at promoting sustainable development through nature conservation.
Study of Biological Diversity
Reflects phylogeny and evolutionary history of species.
5-Kingdom Scheme
Proposed by R.H. Whittaker to classify organisms into five kingdoms.
Prokaryotes
Organisms without membrane-bound organelles, including bacteria and archaea.
Eukaryotes
Organisms with membrane-bound organelles and DNA in a nucleus.
Main Features of Bacteria
Unique rRNA sequences, no introns, presence of peptidoglycan cell wall.
Archaea Characteristics
Similar rRNA sequences to eukaryotes, presence of introns in some genes.
Kingdom Monera
Includes prokaryotic organisms, divided into bacteria and archaea.
Mode of Nutrition in Monerans
Includes photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.
Cyanophyta
Photosynthetic bacteria known as blue-green algae.
Forms of Bacteria
Include bacillus (rod-shaped), spirillum (corkscrew-shaped), coccus (spherical).
Kingdom Protista
Mostly unicellular eukaryotes with a wide range of complexity.
Photosynthetic Protists Examples
Chlorophyta (green algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae), Rhodophyta (red algae).
Heterotrophic Protists Examples
Ciliates, sarcodines, apicomplexans, myxomycetes, oomycetes, zoomastigophorans.
Kingdom Fungi Characteristics
Heterotrophs that absorb food, with cell walls made of chitin.
Types of Fungi
Include chytrids, zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes.
Kingdom Plantae Characteristics
Multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.
Types of Plants
Include non-vascular (moss) and vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms).
Vascular Plants Examples
Pteridophytes (ferns), gymnosperms (pines), angiosperms (flowering plants).
Types of Angiosperm Fruits
Includes simple, aggregate, and multiple fruits.
Kingdom Animalia Characteristics
Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic and motile.
Porifera Characteristics
Sponges, no true tissues, asymmetrical, aquatic.
Cnidarian Characteristics
Diploblastic, radial symmetry, specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes.
Platyhelminthes Characteristics
Flatworms with acoelomate body plan, bilateral symmetry.
Nematodes Characteristics
Unsegmented roundworms with a pseudo-coelom.
Annelids Characteristics
Segmented worms with a true coelom.
Mollusks Characteristics
Soft-bodied organisms with coelom, features like a mantle.
Arthropods Characteristics
Largest phylum, jointed appendages, exoskeleton.
Echinoderms Characteristics
Marine organisms with radial symmetry.
Chordate Characteristics
Presence of notochord, pharyngeal slits, dorsal tubular nerve cord.
Subphylum Urochordates
Sea squirts, notochord present in larval stage.
Subphylum Cephalochordates
Lancelets, notochord persists throughout life.
Jawless Vertebrates Examples
Includes hagfish and lampreys.
Jawed Vertebrates Examples
Include cartilaginous fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals.
Darwinism
Theory proposing evolution by natural selection.
Natural Selection,
Mechanism of evolution where advantageous traits increase survival and reproduction.
Genetic Drift
Changes in gene frequencies in populations due to chance events.
Bottleneck Effect
A reduction in population size leading to decreased genetic variation.
Founder Effect
Small founding population forms new species in isolated niche.
Microevolution
Evolutionary change within a species or population.
Fossil Record
Historical documentation of life on Earth with evidence of past species.
Comparative Anatomy
Study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.
Homologous Structures
Similar structures in different species that have a common evolutionary origin.
Analogous Structures
Similar functions in different species but different evolutionary origins.
Comparative Embryology
Study of similarities in embryonic development among related organisms.
Molecular Biology Evidence
Related individuals show greater similarities in DNA and proteins.
Divergent Evolution
Evolutionary pattern where related species develop different traits.
Convergent Evolution
Independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated species.
Allopatric Speciation
Speciation that occurs due to physical barriers dividing populations.
Sympatric Speciation
Speciation that occurs without physical separation.
Definition of Evolution
Changes in populations over time driven by mechanisms like natural selection.
Key Terms in Evolution
Includes alleles, population, and adaptation.
History of Evolutionary Thought
Major historical figures include Anaximander, Buffon, Lamarck, Darwin, Mendel.
Mendel's Law of Segregation
Two alleles per trait segregate during gamete formation.
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
Different genes are inherited independently of each other.
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection
Argument that individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive.
Microevolution Evidence
Artificial selection, genetic variation maintained by natural selection.
Macroevolution Evidence
Includes fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.
Misconceptions About Evolution
Common myths include evolution is random or goal-oriented.
Key Principles of Ecosystems
Interactions and exchange of materials and energy within ecosystems.
Biotic Components
Producers, consumers, and decomposers within an ecosystem.
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Energy captured by producers diminishes at each trophic transfer.
Trophic Levels
Hierarchical levels in an ecosystem based on feeding positions.
Biogeochemical Cycles
Pathways connecting air, water, and soil through biotic processes.
Hydrologic Cycle
Cycle involving evaporation and precipitation of water.
Nitrogen Cycle
Involves nitrogen fixation, assimilation, and bacterial processes.
Phosphorus Cycle
Cycle involving weathering of rocks and uptake by plants.
Community Definition
Changes in species composition following disturbances.
Primary Succession
Succession starting on a bare substrate after a disturbance.
Secondary Succession
Succession following a disturbance in an existing community.
Keystone Species
Species with a disproportionate impact on community structure.
Sustainable Yield
Using resources without depleting them.
Anthropogenic Impact
Effects of human activity on ecosystems.
Biodiversity Definition
Variety and variability of life on Earth.
Genetic Diversity
Variation in genes within a species.
Species Diversity
Variety of species within a habitat or ecosystem.
Ecosystem Diversity
Different ecosystems within a region.
Philippine Biodiversity
Total species and endemism data, including threatened statuses.
