microbial diseases

epidermis

stratum corneum is rich in keratin

dermis

connective tissue embedded with blood vessels, nerves, muscles, hair follicles, sweat glands

4 bacterial infections of the skin

staphylococcus, streptococcal, pseudomonas, and bacillus

S. aureus is caused by what?

staphylococcus

what does MRSA stand for?

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

what is pyoderma?

infection on skin caused by S. aureus

what does S. aureus produce and what do they do?

leukocidins that kill white blood cells

what does SSSS stand for and what is it?

staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome and S. aureus secretes bacterial exotoxins that peel skin

what can SSSS be treated with?

intravenous antibiotics

what is impetigo?

fluid filled blisters around mouth and nose area

what is impetigo treated with?

topical/oral antiobiotics

what is streptococcal related to?

S. pyogenes

what does S. pyogenes produce?

enzymes that aid in transmission and cause inflammation

what are the most common conditions caused by streptococcal?

cellulitis and erysipelas

what is necrotizing fasciitis?

flesh-eating bacterial syndrome

what is the action of necrotizing?

when tissue dies because of lack of oxygen, causing the skin to turn black

how is necrotizing fasciitis treated?

by debridement, antibiotics and amputation

what is debridement?

the scratching off of the skin

what is related to Pseudomonas?

P. aeruginosa

what is P. aeruginosa?

common cause of opportunistic infections of wounds and burns

what causes P. aeruginosa and what does it smell like?

causes swimmers ear and smells like corn tortillas and grape soda

what can P. aeruginosa harm/cause?

bacterial enzymes that build resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, and alter porins that aid with antibiotic resistance

pseudomonas aeruginosa causes what color that helps identify the type of infection?

blue and green pigments

bacillus is related to what?

anthrax

what is anthrax transmitted by?

contact with an infected animal or animal wool/hide

what are the two viral infections of the skin?

human papilloma virus and herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)

what is papilloma caused by?

human papillomavirus that is transmitted via direct contact

what is papilloma treated with?

liquid nitrogen, cutting and laser treatment

what is herpes simplex virus 1?

an infection that manifests as cold spores/blisters around lips

(HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS)

what is a fungal infection on the skin?

tineas

what is tineas?

ring worm that entries thru wound or immunocompromised patient

what is mycoses?

another name for fungal infections

what are dermatophytes?

fungal folds that require keratin for growth, they are found in soil and can be transmitted via human or animal

what is a parasitic infection of the skin?

loiasis, caused by the helminth loa loa

how does loiasis spread?

via deerflies that ingest larvae, and then infect humans 

the respiratory tract is divided into upper and lower regions at what point?

epiglottis

hows does the respiratory system defend itself?

with mucus membranes and normal microbiota

how does mucous membranes work?

cells in the respiratory epithelium secrete layer of sticky mucus that inhibits microbial attachment

how does normal microbiota work?

sinuses are colonized by members of the firmicutes, actinobacteria, and proteobacteria

what is rhinitis?

inflammation of nasal cavities, characteristics of common cold

what is sinusitis?

inflammation of the sinnuses

what is otitis?

inflammation of the ear

what is pharyngitis?

inflammation of the pharynx, commonly known as a sore throat

what is laryngitis?

inflammation of the larynx, interferes with vocal cords, causing voice loss

what is epiglottitis?

inflammation of the epiglottis, very rare

what is brochitis?

inflammation of the bronchial tubes in lower respiratory tract

what is pneumonia?

alveoli in the lungs are infected and become inflamed, very serious

what are some bacterial infections of the respiratory tract?

streptococcal pharyngitis, acute otitis media (AOM), bacterial pneumonia, and tuberculosis

what is streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)?

mucosal membranes of the pharynx are damaged by the release of variety of exoenzymes and exotoxins

what is acute otitis media (AOM)?

infection in the middle of the ear that is characterized by the accumulation of pus in middle ear

what is bacterial pneumonia?

caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, can also be caused by viruses or fungi

what is tuberculosis?

after infection, bacteria enter alveoli, are phagocytized by macrophages but actually survive and multiply inside phagocytic cells

what are some viral respiratory diseases causing skin rashes?

measles, rubella, and chickenpox

what is the basic structure of DNA?

double-helix, anti-parallel to eachother, one strand is 3’ to 5’, the other is 5’ to 3’, includes adenine, thymine, guanine, and cystosine

what is the basic structure of RNA?

single strand that forms a helix, 5’ to 3’, better for short-term info storage, includes adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

what direction does DNA synthesis occur?

5’ to 3”

what enzyme is used for DNA synthesis?

DNA polymerase

what are the 2 major steps in protein synthesis?

transcriptions (DNA to RNA) and translation (mRNA to protein)

what is initiation in DNA replication?

helicase unwinds DNA, primase synthesized RNA primers

what is elongation in DNA replication?

DNA polymerase builds new strands

what is termination in DNA replication?

replication ends when forks meet

what is the function of DNA polymerase?

synthesized new DNA, adding bases

what is the function of DNA ligase?

joins the fragments on the lagging strand

what is the function of DNA helicase?

unwinds the DNA

what is the function of RNA polymerase?

makes RNA from DNA

what is a leading strand of DNA?

continuous replication

what is the lagging strand of DNA?

synthesized in Okazaki fragments and needs ligase

what role does mRNA play?

a copy of the ribosome where proteins are made

what role does rRNA play?

components of the ribosome where proteins are made

what role does tRNA play?

carrier for an amino acid to the ribosome where they become part of polypeptide chain

what is conjugation?

one cell transfers DNA thru a pilus, and spreads traits

what are the characteristics of viruses?

small, acellular, have both DNA and RNA, cant undergo metabolism alone

what are the three main parts of a virus?

nucleic acid, capsid, and sometimes envelope

what does the nucleic acid do?

genetic material, carries instructions for making new viruses

what does the capsid do?

protein coat, aids entry into host cell

what does the envelope do?

outer layer for protection and entry, only some viruses have it

what is a enveloped virus?

formed with nucleic acid capsid, surrounded by a lipid layer, envelope is made of phospholipid membrane

what is a naked virus?

virus with only a nucleic acid capsid and nothing else

what is the functions of viral spikes?

helps virus attach to cell

what is the lytic life cycle?

infect, replicate, burst cell (kills)

what is the lysogenic life cycle?

DNA integrates, stays dormant, can later enter lytic cycle

what is the life cycle of an animal virus?

attachment, entry, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release

what is latency?

when a virus hides in host cell

what is a prophage?

integrated phage genome

what is a provirus?

integrated viral genome

what is phage therapy?

uses bacteria-killing viruses to treat bacterial infections

what is gene therapy?

uses viruses to deliver good genes to humans

what are retroviruses?

RNA viruses

what enzyme does the retrovirus have?

enzyme that uses reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA)

what is bactericidal?

kills target bacteria

what is bacteriostatic?

growth stops

what is the effect of hydrogen peroxide on cells?

damages cells with reactive oxygen

what enzyme catalyzes the reaction that converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen?

catalase

what is the organism that can survive very low temperatures?

psychrophiles

what are aldehydes are commonly used for?

disinfect and sterilize

what are the 4 classes of antimicrobial drugs?

antivirals, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiprotozoal

mode of action for antivirals?

block enzymes, reverse transcriptase

mode of action for antibacterials?

block cell wall, protein synthesis

mode of action for fungal?

target membranes

mode of action for antiprotozoal?

interfere with metabolism