A&P TEST 5- brain and spinal cord

Function of cerebrum

Conscious thought, decision-making, and processing

frontal lobe: decision making, problem solving, voluntary movement, personality

parietal lobe: sensory processing, spatial awareness

temporal lobe: hearing, language comp., memory storage

Occipital lobe: Vision processing

Diencephalon contains…

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus,

Cerebellum

Major role in motor coordination

Pons

Contains respiratory centers to control breathing

“Bridge of the brain”

conveys info to and from the rest of brain

Thalamus

sorts most sensory information and sends it to cerebrum for perception

Hypothalamus

emotions, appetite, thermoregulation, and other homeostatic feedback loops

Temporal lobe

contains Wernicke’s, and auditory cortex

Parietal lobe

Contains primary sensory cortex

Visual reflex vs perception of vision

Visual reflex: midbrain

Perception of vision: visual cortex of occipital lobe

Primary sensory cortex

perception of general senses (Pain, touch, pressure, temperature)

Broca’s area

responsible for speaking and pronouncing words correctly

Wernicke’s area

language comprehension

Ependymal cells

part of choroid plexus

Choroid plexus

site for cerebrospinal fluid production

Lateral ventricle

contains cerebrospinal fluid

Fourth ventricle

Cavity located between brain stem and cerebellum- contains cerebrospinal fluid

Dorsal root GANGLION

contains sensory neuron cell bodies

Dorsal(back) grey horn

Contains sensory neuron cell bodies

Ventral(front) grey horn

Contains motor neuron cell bodies

Ventral root

Contains motor axons

Dorsal root

Contains sensory axons

Spinal meninges superficial to deep

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

Tendon reflex..

Golgi tendon organ is the receptor, and the response is muscle relaxation

Stretch reflex..

The muscle spindle is the receptor and the response is muscle contraction.

Reciprocal inhibition

Relaxes antagonists when primary muscles contract

Contralateral reflex

Occurs in opposite side of body from where stimulus is detected

Medulla oblongata

Location for cardiovascular center

controls heart rate, bp, and swallowing

innervates muscles for breathing

What part of brain has role in memory?

Limbic system

contains hippocampus-learning and memory

and amygdala- fear, emotion

Flexor reflex(withdrawal)

helps to quickly pull away from painful stimulus (ex: hand on stove)

Resting membrane potential

neuron has negative charge because of sodium potassium pump (3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in) cell more negative

(-70mV)

Depolarization (rising phase)

stimulus reaches neuron- voltage-gated sodium channels open= Na+ ions rush in causing inside to become more positive

triggering action potential if threshold is reached(-55mV)

Perception occurs when sensory info reaches what part of the brain?

Primary sensory cortex

Repolarization (falling phase)

brings neurons down from peak at (+30mV) to -70mV

voltage-gated potassium channels open= K+ ions exit the neuron= restores negative charge in neuron

Hyperpolarization and return to resting state

Neuron becomes briefly more negative than resting state due to excess K+ LEAVING cell

(-80mV to -90mV)

Sodium potassium pump restores original ion balance= neuron goes back to resting potential(RESTING STATE) by restoring balance in the sodium-potassium pump

Threshold potential

(-55mV)

stimulus triggers voltage-gated sodium channels to open

action potential generated here

Which neurotransmitter is used in the sympathetic nervous system and causes bronchodilation (dilation of the bronchioles, or airways)?

also increases heart and breathing rates

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitter inhibits contraction in cardiac muscle?

(and contracts skeletal muscle)

Acetylcholine

Loss of this neurotransmitter in skeletal motor pathways leads to the tremors seen in Parkinson's. 

dopamine

What term refers to a group of neuron cell bodies found in the CNS (central nervous system)?

nuclei

What term refers to a group of neuron cell bodies found in the PNS (peripheral nervous system)?

ganglia

The resting potential of a neuron is maintained by what 2 types of transport for sodium and potassium?

Leak channels and exchange pumps

Reticular activating system (RAS)- medulla

Maintains alertness(consciousness)

lets you sleep

What lobe contains the primary motor cortex? also associated with personality. contains Broca’s area

Frontal lobe

Multipolar neuron

CNS and ANS

control all skeletal muscles

most common

Bipolar neuron

rare

sensory pathways

Unipolar

one process extending from cell body