Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Unit 1

What does anatomy refer to?

the form/structure of the body

What does anatomy include?

-surface, regional, systemic, development, clinical

-gross: macroscopic

-microscopic: cytology/histology

What does physiology refer to?

function of the body

What does physiology include?

-cell

-organ

-systemic

-pathological

1600 B.C. ancient Egypt

mummification process

480-200 B.C. ancient Greece

-animal dissections by Alcmaeon, Hippocrates, Aristotle

-human dissections of criminals

Where was the 1st school of anatomy?

alexandria

Who is considered the 1st anatomist?

Herophilos

158-200 A.D. ancient Greece (Roman Empire)

Galen

What did Galen do?

-chief physician to gladiators

-observed anatomy through wounds

-dissections of apes and pigs

When did Galens work stand till?

1500s

What did Galen discover about blood?

knew it was in arteries and veins, but not how it circulated

When did Leonardo da Vinci come into the anatomical field?

1489 Italy

Leonardo da Vincis Findings

-anatomical drawings based on cadaver dissections

-studied skeleton and movements

What did Andreas Vesalius do?

-dissected hanged criminals

-wrote de humani corporis fabrica

-disproved Galen

Who is considered the Father of Modern Anatomy?

Andreas Vesalius

When did the study of anatomy and physiology explode?

1500s-1700s

Anatomical Theatre

circular arena with dissections occurring in the middle

What is the smallest unit of organization in the body?

atomic level: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Where did our building blocks come from?

elements heavier the H and He were formed inside stars or supernovae through nucleosynthesis

What is the smalled unit of life?

cell

Chemical level of organization in the body includes...

-elements, amino acids, fats, carbohydrates

What does the tissue level of organization include?

groups of cells

What does the organ level of organization include?

groups of tissues

What does the organ system of organization include?

groups of organs

What does the organism level of organization include?

several organ systems

What are the organ systems in this course?

-integumentary

-skeletal

-muscular

-nervous

Define Homeostasis

a constant internal environment

What occurs outside the body's normal range?

tissue damage and death

What is dynamic equilibrium?

fluctuation within a range of normal around a setpoint

What is homeostatic regulation?

the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis at the cellular and organism level

What type of mechanism is auto regulation?

intrinsic

What is auto regulation?

an automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental change

What is extrinsic regulation?

responses controlled by nervous and endocrine system

What components are involved in regulation?

receptor, control center, and effector

What does a receptor do?

receive the stimulus to carry it to the control centers

What system is the receptor in?

Peripheral Nervous System

What system is the control center apart of?

Central Nervous System

What does the control center do?

determines what action should be taken

What systems include the effector?

Smooth Muscle Tissue or Gland Tissue

What does the effector do?

carries out response

-contract or relax

-secrete or not hormones

Which type of feedback loop is more common?

negative

How does a negative feedback loop return to homeostasis?

minimize change away from normal to shut of effector

How does a positive feedback loop return to homeostasis?

increase change away from normal , response becomes more intense until shut off

ex. contractions

What makes homeostasis difficult?

age

What is anatomical position?

-standing upright

-feet flat on floor

-arms at sides

-palms, eyes, & face forward

-left or right is reference to subject

What side of the body is anterior/ventral?

front

What side of the body is posterior/dorsal?

back

Which direction is referenced by "superior/cephalad"?

toward the head

Which direction is referenced by "inferior/caudad"?

toward the feet/tail

What does lateral mean?

away from the midline

What does medial mean?

towards the midline of the body

What direction is referenced by "proximal"?

near the point of attachment

What direction is referenced by "distal"?

far from the point of attachment

Define unilateral.

one side affected/included

Define bilateral.

both sides affected/included

Define contralateral.

opposite side affected

What does the term "deep" mean?

away from the surface of the body

What does the term "superficial" mean?

toward the surface of the body

What position is referenced by "supine"?

lying face up

What position is referenced by "prone"?

lying face down

What anatomical plane is coronal?

front/back division

What anatomical plane is sagittal?

left/right division

What anatomical plane is transverse?

upper/lower division

What movements occur in the sagittal plane?

flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion

What is flexion?

decreasing the angle of a joint

What is extension?

a movement that increases the angle of a joint

Where does plantar/dorsal flexion occur?

ankle joint

What is plantar flexion?

pointing toes

What is dorsiflexion?

flexing the foot and toes upward

What movements occur in the coronal plane?

abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, elevation/depression, eversion/inversion, ulnar/radial deviation

What is abduction?

movement away from the midline

What is adduction?

movement toward the midline

What is lateral flexion?

lateral bending of the head or trunk

What is the movement in which the scapulae or TMJ performs a superior movement?

elevation

(shoulder shrug/closing mouth)

What is depression?

lowering a body part

(resting scapulae in anatomical position/opening mouth)

What is another term for eversion?

pronation

What is pronation?

angling of plantar surface of foot laterally

What is another term for inversion?

supination

What is supination of the foot?

angling of plantar surface of foot medially

What is ulnar deviation?

adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

What is radial deviation?

abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

What type of movements occur in the transverse plane?

-rotation, protraction/retraction, supination/pronation

What is rotation?

movement left or right or head, neck , or trunk

What is external rotation?

lateral movement of bone away from midline

What is internal rotation?

rotation of joint toward the midline

What is protraction?

moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground

What is retraction?

moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground

What direction is forearm in anatomical position?

supine

What does the axial region include?

head, neck, trunk

What does the appendicular region include?

upper and lower limbs

What are the divisions of the abdominopelvic quadrants?

right upper/lower quadrant & left upper/lower quadtrant

How many abdominopelvic regions are there?

9

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric(pubic), left inguinal

What are body cavities?

spaces within the body that contain vital organs

What are the major body cavities?

dorsal and ventral

What does the dorsal body cavity contain?

cranial and vertebral cavity (brain and spinal cord)

What does the ventral body cavity contain?

thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities, separated by diaphragm

What is the area within a double layer of tissue that surrounds organs?

intra-membranous body cavities

What are the type of major body membranes?

visceral and parietal