Microbial Competition and Gut Microbiome in Poultry and Humans

What is Salmonella enteritidis typically known for?

Its in chickens but usually doesn't cause disease in them, but can be transmitted to people

How is Salmonella enteritidis transmitted to humans?

Usually through raw eggs.

What is a common source of foodborne illness in the US?

Salmonella enteritidis, causing 1.35 million illnesses and 400 deaths per year.

What effect does a diverse microbiome have on Salmonella enteritidis?

It prevents S. enteritidis from colonizing the intestine.

What are the two treatment options for chicks regarding bacteria?

(a) No treatment, (b) Fed beneficial bacteria.

What happens to S. enteritidis when beneficial bacteria are present?

Most of the S. enteritidis bacteria pass through without colonizing.

What role do human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) play in infant gut health?

They direct intestinal microbiota towards Bifidobacterium longum infantis colonization.

What is the benefit of Bifidobacterium longum infantis in infants?

It prevents colonization of pathogens and supports gut health.

What is Clostridium difficile commonly associated with?

Infections during or right after antibiotic treatment.

How does fecal microbiota transplant help with C. difficile infections?

Mutualists in the feces outcompete C. difficile and prevent colonization.

What does FMT stand for?

Fecal Microbiota Transplant.

What does evidence suggest about the gut microbiome's influence?

It influences host metabolism.

What does the Prevotella-to-Bacteroides ratio predict?

Body weight and fat loss success on diets.

What is the relationship between gut bacteria and obesity?

Certain gut bacteria are associated with insulin resistance and obesity.

What happens when germ-free mice receive a microbiome transfer?

They adopt the weight of the microbiome donor.

What is a characteristic of persistent pathogens like P. gingivalis?

They are chronic colonizers of the microbiome.

How does P. gingivalis affect blood glucose levels?

It inhibits host cellular glucose uptake, leading to high blood glucose.

What chronic condition is associated with P. gingivalis infection?

Type-II diabetes.

How does insulin function in glucose uptake?

Insulin unlocks the glucose channel, allowing glucose to enter the cell.