AP World Midterm

Ottomans

• Came from Central Asia

• Ruled by a Sultan

• Conquered East Europe, North Africa, and parts of the Middle East

• Constantinople is the capital

Suleiman

• Ottoman Sultan

• Modernized the army

• Built a law code

• Expanded the empire significantly during his reign.

Vizier

Head of ministration in the gov. the 2nd in command

Janissaries

Captured boys that were taken by the Ottomans, educated, converted to Islam, and became an elite force in the military and could serve in the government

Divan

Council the Sultan consulted

Sinan

An Ottoman architect who designed many mosques, including the famous Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul.

What was the economic structure of the Ottomans?

• Grew on warfare

• Farming

• Trade w/ merchants (Christian and Jewish) 

Art and Literature under the Ottomans 

• Aquducts

• Poetry 

• Schools

• Mosques

• Coffee Houses

• Gardens

• Ceramics + Carpets

Battle of Lepanto

A naval battle fought in 1571 between The Spanish and Venetian fleet and the Ottoman Empire, marking a significant turning point in the struggle between Christian and Muslim powers in the Mediterranean. (Europeans won)

Safavids

• In modern day Iran

• Emperor tile - Shah

• Promoted Shi’ia Islam

• Isfahan - Capital 

Abbas the Great

• Brought Europeans to build an army (made the Safavids equal to the Ottomans)

• Encourages silk + Carpet industry

• Religious toleration (Christians in Armenia)

• Built Isfahan 

Battle of Chaldiran

A battle between the Ottomans and Safavids that set the political and religious borders between the two empires

• Ottomans won

• Showed that the Safavids where weaker than Ottomans

Mullah

A prayer leader and mosque official (shi’ia)

Urdu

A language that developed in the Indian subcontinent, combining elements of Persian, Arabic, and local dialects. It serves as a literary language and is predominantly spoken in Pakistan and India.

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of India in the 15th century, founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji and later consolidated by nine successive Gurus. Sikhism emphasizes the belief in one God and rejects the caste system.

Safavid Economy

• Encouraged Trade

• Dependent on expansion 

Mughal Dynasty

• Founded by Babur

• Capital Delhi

• In Pakistan and north India area

• Leader called Shah

• Architectural achievements 

Babur

• Founder of the Mughal Dynasty, known for his military prowess and establishing a large empire in India.

• Decendent of Ghangis Khan

Akbar

• Religious toleration

• Government jobs for all

• Got rid of jizya

• Expanded the Mughal Empire

• Tried to make lives for women easier

• outlawed sati

• Left Empire in debt

Aurangzeb

• Strict Muslim

• Brought back Jizya

• Got rid of court poets

• Did not spend that much money

• Expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest territorial extent, but faced significant resistance and decline in the later years of his reign.

Taj Mahal

Bulit by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife 

Sati

Hindu women would burn themselves on their husbands casket 

Delhi

Mughal capital where much architecture was built including the Taj Mahal

Isfahan

• Capital of Safavids

• Rest homes and bathhouses 

• Many mosques

• Gardens

Constantinople

• Capital of Ottomans 

• Center of trade between Muslims and Christians 

• Major cultural and political hub

• Known for the Hagia Sophia and diverse population

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan known for conquering Constantinople in 1453, expanding the empire significantly.

Anatolia

• Turkey

• Ottoman Empire was here

Red Heads

Sufi religious leaders, known for their headgear

Shah

Old title originally used by Persians but became the title for Mughals and Safavid rulers

Isma’il

Founder of the Safavid Empire

Sunni

Muslims who believed the ruler should be a good person

Shi’ia

Believed the ruler should be a descendent of Muhammed

Sufi

Mystics

List 3 Changes brought to the Mughal Dynasty under Akbar

• Ban of sati

• Anyone could work in the government

• Got rid of the Jizya tax

• Religious toleration

List 3 Improvements brought to the Safavid Dynasty under Abbas

• Strengthened the army by bringing in Europeans

• Built up Isfahan with lots of architecture such as coffee houses

• Encouraged silk and carpet industry, improving the economy 

Compare religious toleration of these 3 empires

They were all religiously tolerant

• Traded with other religions

• Mughals accepted Hindus

Describe the characteristics of the Gunpower empires

• All used gunpowder in military and relied on conquest

• Had a single monarch

• Lots of trade

• Did not keep up with the latest technology which set them behind Europeans which is why they got conquered

What ended the advancements of the 3 empires

• lack of technological modernization

• internal strife

• Shift in trade 

• to European powers and colonialism.

Who had the most of the power in the 3 empires originally?

The Sultans/Shahs

What were causes of the decline of empires?

• Lack of technological advancement

• Did not conquer as much

• revolts and political corruption

How did religion play a role in each empire

• Ottomans - Sunni Islam

• Safavids- Shi’a which religious officials influenced state and state supervised religion

• Mughals - Accepted hinduism which made their culture more diverse and peaceful

What was the Mughal Empire like under Aurangzeb 

• Close to collapse

• Internal strife and rebellion 

• Costs cut

What did Europeans want from India

Spices 

Agricultural Revolution

Changes in technology which increased production

Enclosure Acts

Laws which closed off open fields and made farming more efficant

• small farmers pushed off their land\

• Agriculture became more commercial

• Food production increased

Industrial Revolution

• Introduction of the factory system

• Began in England

Why did the industrial revolution start in England?

• Natural resources (Coal + Water)

• Had money to use for investment

• Had a middle class

• Stable government

• More laborers as they were all moving into the city

Domestic system

The making of goods in the home

Flying shuttle

Increased the width a person could weave

Spinning Jenny

Spun 8 spools instead of 1 

What were conditions of the Industrial Revolution

• no sanitation

• fierce competition for jobs

• long hours for low pay

• child labor

Tenements

A run down apartment

Political effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Voting rights

• Militarism

• Government got involved in the economy (Passed laws)

• Feminism

Economic Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Capitalism increased 

• Growth of big businesses

• Industrial countries controlled wealth worldwide 

• Globalization

Capitalism

An economic system in which private owners controlled the wealth worldwide

Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Growth of the middle class

• Middle class moved to suburbs

• Transportation + Communication improved

• Population growth rate decreased while overall population increased

• Higher standards of living (Education, Cheaper goods, Leisure time, Medicine)

• Pollution

• Abolition

• Migration

• Women

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that questioned the political, social, and economic structures

Causes of the Enlightenment

• Scientific Revolution

• Protestant Reformation

• Renaissance

• Capitalism 

Writers of the Enlightenment

Philosophes

John Locke

• All men have the right to life, liberty, and property

• If rights not protected, the people have the right to revolt

• (Influenced the Declaration of Independence)

Cesare Beccaria

• Education prevented crime

• Against torcher + capital punishment

• Innocent until proven guilty 

• (Influenced the Bill of Rights)

Montesquieu

• Government divided into 3 branches

• Separation of power

• (Influenced Constitution) 

Voltaire

• Freedom of speech

• Freedom of religion 

• (Influenced Bill of Rights) 

Rousseau

Popular sovereignty 

Popular Sovereignty

A government created by the people, for the people (A common idea many philosophes shared)

Mary Wollstonecraft

• Equal education for boys and girls

• Equality among men and women 

Adam Smith

• Capitalism 

• Supply and demand

• Competition

• Laissez Affair

Causes of the political revolutions

• Enlightenment

• Rise of the Middle Class

• Population increased + there were poor harvests, famines, and competition for jobs

Political Spectrum

• Radical

• Liberal

• Moderate

• Conservative

• Reactionary

American Revolution Causes (1776)

• Enlightenment

• Taxes

• No representation in parliament

Two Effects of the American Revolution

• Influenced the French Revolution

• Independence from. Britain (Treaty of Paris 1783)

Stamp Act

Tax on all paper goods

Townsend Acts

Tax on glass, wine, and teaimposed by the British government on the American colonies, which led to widespread protests and boycotts.

Navigation Acts

Regulated colonial trade to benefit England’s economy

3 Causes of the French Revolution

• Enlightenment

• American Revolution

• 3rd estate paid all of the taxes

Louie XVI

King of France during the French Revolution, executed for treason in 1793.

Declaration of the Rights of Man + Citizen

• French Constitution

• Guaranteed Freedoms

• National Assembly Created

• Discriminated Against Women and Jews

Reign of Terror

• Radicals take control of gov.

• Lead by Robespierre

• King and queen executed

Napoleon

• Napoleon Code (law that promised equality) 

• Everyone paid taxes

• Public school education

• Ended slavery

• Religious toleration

Similarities between French and American Revolution

• Fought against reigning monarchy

• Wanted a say in government

• Made a constitution

• Fought for rights

Estates General

1st 2nd and 3rd estates of French society, representing the clergy, nobility, and commoners/MC.

National Assembly

A revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate in France, aiming to create a new constitution and assert the rights of the common people.

Old Regime

The political and social system in France before the French Revolution, characterized by feudalism and absolute monarchy, divided into three estates.

Mercantilism

An economic theory and practice that promotes governmental regulation of a nation's economy for augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It emphasizes exports over imports and the accumulation of wealth through trade.

Jethro Tull

An English agricultural pioneer who developed the seed drill and advocated for crop rotation, significantly improving farming efficiency.

Waterloo

End of Napolean’s rule

Conservative Restoration

A time period in Europe in which monarchs were restored to their thrones

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest

Emeline Pankhurst

Led the fight for women’s rights in Britian

Principals of Population

Population increased faster than foody supply

Romanticism

About Emotion

Realism

Kinda depressing form of art

7 Years War

French and Brits in America - Led to the American Revolution 

Overall effect of French Revolution on Europe

widespread political upheaval and the spread of Enlightenment ideals across the continent.

What is universal conscription

A policy requiring all citizens to serve in the military during times of war, often implemented during revolutions.

When did serfdom end in France

During the French Revolution

How does communism relate to the Industrial Revolution

Communism emerged as a response to the inequalities created by the Industrial Revolution, advocating for the abolition of private property and the establishment of a classless society.

Imperialism

When a stronger country takes over a weaker one

Nationalism

Pride for your country and its ideals

White Man’s Burden

Europeans were more advanced and had the duty to take over less developed areas and civilize them