Identifications for US history Final Exam

Ideology of Separate Spheres

The ideology of separate spheres was a 19th century belief that men belonged in the public work and politics while women belonged in the private sphere This ideology shaped social expectations for gender and justified women being excluded from politics

Market Revolution

The Market Revolution was the fast expansion of transportation communication and commercialization in the early 1800s that connected markets and increased wage labor It transformed the US into a commercial economy and produced major social change

Indian Removal Act

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the federal government to remove southeastern tribes west of the Mississippi its enforcement led directly to the Trail of Tears revealing the government as prioritization of white expansion over Natives

Worcester v. Georgia

Worcester v. Georgia in 1832 ruled that Cherokee land was sovereign and that Georgia laws had no authority there Jacksons refusal to enforce the decision exposed the limits of the Supreme Courts power and accelerated native displacement

David Walker
as Appeal

david walker as appeal in 1829 was a antislavery pamphlet wanting enslaved people to resist oppression and condemning white racism Its circulation pushed anti slavery activism toward a more militant direction and led southern states to impose harsher restrictions on Blacks

Immediatism

Immediatism was the abolitionist belief that slavery should end immediately rather than gradually with activists like William Lloyd Garrison This stance turned abolition into a moral crusade focused on universal equality rather than political compromise

Seneca Falls Convention

The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was the first womens rights gathering in the US producing the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equality Its resolutions laid the ideological foundation for the women as rights movement for decades

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ended the Mexican American War giving territories to the US It reshaped the national map and created a vulnerable Mexican American population whose promised rights were quickly undermined

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

The fugitive slave law of 1850 required all citizens to assist in capturing escaped enslaved people and denied fugitives legal protections its enforcement nationalized slaveholder power and radicalized Northern opinion against the slave system

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857 ruled that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories by invalidating compromise efforts the decision deepened division and pushed the country toward the Civil War

Paternalism

Paternalism was the pro slavery ideology claiming slaveholders cared for enslaved people like family masking brutality with supposed kindness This belief justified violence and enabled total control over enslaved labor and daily life

Know Nothing Party

The Know Nothing Party was an anti immigrant anti Catholic political movement of the 1850s concerned with rising immigration Their nativist platform revealed deep anxieties about demographic change and helped reshape politics in the pre Civil War era

Republican Party

The republican party formed in the 1850s to oppose the expansion of slavery into the western territories its free soil and modernization platform made it the primary political force challenging the spread of slavery

Bleeding Kansas

Bleeding Kansas (1854-56) was a violent conflict between pro slavery and anti slavery settlers over popular sovereignty The bloodshed showed the failure of political compromise and previewed the coming Civil War

Thirteenth Amendment

The Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 abolished slavery and involuntary servitude nationwide It marked a constitutional revolution by ending legal slavery and shifting federal power to protecting freedom

Fourteenth Amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 granted birthright citizenship and guaranteed equal protection under the law it transformed the meaning of citizenship and gave the federal government new authority to enforce civil rights