AP Human Geography Unit 3

material culture

physical items that are given value to

non material culture

beliefs/ideology

subculture

a group of people within a larger society/culture who share a distinct set of beliefs

sequent occupancy

impact that past cultures had on geographic area

traditional architecture

uses resources from the local area and incorporates the local culture/resources of the area

modern architecture

focuses on function over design and doesn’t incorporate local culture into design

post-modern architecture

strives to create a unique look that incorporates local culture into the design of the building

land use patterns

agricultural, commercial, industrial, recreational, transportation, residential

folk culture

traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogenous groups of people living in isolated rural areas

popular culture

found in large heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other particular characteristics

sub-culture

smaller group within a larger culture

modern culture/pop-culture

originates in more developed regions, diffuses by hierarchical diffusion, often more diverse/made up of many diff parts

folk culture

homogenous, relocation diffusion, family + religion play major role

indigenous

distinct social/culture groups that share collective ancestral ties to the lands/natural resources where they live/from where theyve been displaced. the land is linked to their identites, cultures, livelihoods, and well-being.

ethnocentrism

practice of analyzing/judging a culture by their own cultures standards, causes people to look down on a culture, leads to xenophobia, prejudice, negative stereotypes

cultural relativism

practice of analyzing/judging a culture by its own standards, this allows an individual to gain a better understanding of the culutre

placemaking

the process of a community coming together and transforming a public space for different activities/events

centripetal forces

forces which unite people and bring them together

examples of centripetal forces

common language, strong sense of identity, nationalism, homogenous united community

centrifugal forces

forces that divide a group of people/push them apart

examples of centrifugal forces

geographically large place (hard to communicate), discrimination, political/economic inequality, not having a unified culture, large variety of languages,

hearth

location where an idea, culture, belief, or item originated

when did diffusion occur

colonial era

creolization

process of 2 culture/language coming together to create a 3rd culture/language

lingua franca

common language used by people whos native language is different

diaspora

the dispersion of any people from their homeland

cultural divergence

when individuals become separated from different aspects of their culture - can lead people to abandon certain cultural traits

cultural convergence

when different cultures merge together to form one mass culture - often times in the form of a modern/global culture

proto-language

An historic language from which known languages are believed to have descended

language family

groups of languages that are related through a common ancestor

language branch

cluster of different languages that are a part of a language family and make up a subdivision of that language family

language group

made up of different languages that are part of a language branch

dialect

a regional variance that occurs in the form of a language that is based on local culture (pop/soda)

isogloss

a distinct boundary defined by linguistic differences

universalising religions

religions that seek to expand and reach as many people as possible, often expand through expansion diffusion but relocation also works

universalising religion examples

christianity, islam, buddhism, sikhism

ethnic religions

often stay in one location and do not try and convert other people, often diffusion through relocation diffusion and are connected to a specific ethnic group

examples of ethnic religions

hinduism and judaism

diffusion of christianity

hierarchical (missionaries/boarding schools), colonialism, imperialism, relocation (migration)

shia muslims

accept the descendents of muhammads son in law, ali as the true rulers of islam

sunni muslims

accept the first 4 caliphs as the rightful successors of muhammad and the leaders of faith

diffusion of islam

hierarchical diffusion (arab traders moved to africa from middle east bringing new goods + wealth and telling ppl they had this stuff cus islam), relocation diffusion (migration, trade, war)

cultural resistance

a person, organization, or group rejects, resists, or pushes back against a cultural trait, idea, or group of people

colonialism

when a more powerful country takes over and controls a weaker country, often for economic, cultural, or political reasons

imperialism

a political process that involves a country extending its power and influence over other countries, either by force or through economic and political dominance

nomadic warrior theory:

language diffused through nomadic movement/conquest (hierarchical diffusion)

sedentary farmer theory:

language diffused through farmers relocating (relocation diffusion)

pilgrimage

a journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred