material culture
physical items that are given value to
non material culture
beliefs/ideology
subculture
a group of people within a larger society/culture who share a distinct set of beliefs
sequent occupancy
impact that past cultures had on geographic area
traditional architecture
uses resources from the local area and incorporates the local culture/resources of the area
modern architecture
focuses on function over design and doesn’t incorporate local culture into design
post-modern architecture
strives to create a unique look that incorporates local culture into the design of the building
land use patterns
agricultural, commercial, industrial, recreational, transportation, residential
folk culture
traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogenous groups of people living in isolated rural areas
popular culture
found in large heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other particular characteristics
sub-culture
smaller group within a larger culture
modern culture/pop-culture
originates in more developed regions, diffuses by hierarchical diffusion, often more diverse/made up of many diff parts
folk culture
homogenous, relocation diffusion, family + religion play major role
indigenous
distinct social/culture groups that share collective ancestral ties to the lands/natural resources where they live/from where theyve been displaced. the land is linked to their identites, cultures, livelihoods, and well-being.
ethnocentrism
practice of analyzing/judging a culture by their own cultures standards, causes people to look down on a culture, leads to xenophobia, prejudice, negative stereotypes
cultural relativism
practice of analyzing/judging a culture by its own standards, this allows an individual to gain a better understanding of the culutre
placemaking
the process of a community coming together and transforming a public space for different activities/events
centripetal forces
forces which unite people and bring them together
examples of centripetal forces
common language, strong sense of identity, nationalism, homogenous united community
centrifugal forces
forces that divide a group of people/push them apart
examples of centrifugal forces
geographically large place (hard to communicate), discrimination, political/economic inequality, not having a unified culture, large variety of languages,
hearth
location where an idea, culture, belief, or item originated
when did diffusion occur
colonial era
creolization
process of 2 culture/language coming together to create a 3rd culture/language
lingua franca
common language used by people whos native language is different
diaspora
the dispersion of any people from their homeland
cultural divergence
when individuals become separated from different aspects of their culture - can lead people to abandon certain cultural traits
cultural convergence
when different cultures merge together to form one mass culture - often times in the form of a modern/global culture
proto-language
An historic language from which known languages are believed to have descended
language family
groups of languages that are related through a common ancestor
language branch
cluster of different languages that are a part of a language family and make up a subdivision of that language family
language group
made up of different languages that are part of a language branch
dialect
a regional variance that occurs in the form of a language that is based on local culture (pop/soda)
isogloss
a distinct boundary defined by linguistic differences
universalising religions
religions that seek to expand and reach as many people as possible, often expand through expansion diffusion but relocation also works
universalising religion examples
christianity, islam, buddhism, sikhism
ethnic religions
often stay in one location and do not try and convert other people, often diffusion through relocation diffusion and are connected to a specific ethnic group
examples of ethnic religions
hinduism and judaism
diffusion of christianity
hierarchical (missionaries/boarding schools), colonialism, imperialism, relocation (migration)
shia muslims
accept the descendents of muhammads son in law, ali as the true rulers of islam
sunni muslims
accept the first 4 caliphs as the rightful successors of muhammad and the leaders of faith
diffusion of islam
hierarchical diffusion (arab traders moved to africa from middle east bringing new goods + wealth and telling ppl they had this stuff cus islam), relocation diffusion (migration, trade, war)
cultural resistance
a person, organization, or group rejects, resists, or pushes back against a cultural trait, idea, or group of people
colonialism
when a more powerful country takes over and controls a weaker country, often for economic, cultural, or political reasons
imperialism
a political process that involves a country extending its power and influence over other countries, either by force or through economic and political dominance
nomadic warrior theory:
language diffused through nomadic movement/conquest (hierarchical diffusion)
sedentary farmer theory:
language diffused through farmers relocating (relocation diffusion)
pilgrimage
a journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred