AP World History Unit 5

5.1 Explain the ideas of the Enlightenment

Reject the old, reject what they had been told to believe. Many ideologies replaced the old and the thinkers of the enlightenment came to develop those ideas through the application of logic and reasoning. The enlightenment documents advocates for fairness in sentencing and punishment for criminals < another radical idea at the time.

5.1 How were these ideas considered changes from previous philosophies/mindsets?

Whether it was commands from the churches and monarchs of Europe or tradition that existed for generations, enlightenment thinkers rejected the old ways. When philosophers identified a principle to reject, they replaced it by asking important and relevant questions, and answering those questions by using tools such as their own experience, empirical evidence, and the application of reason and logic.

5.1 What factors facilitated the spread of Enlightenment ideals within and outside of Europe?

The printing press, salons, the encyclopedia. Eventually spread through newspapers, pamphlets, and political songs

5.1 Explain natural rights

Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and are therefore universal and inalienable. Locke, a philosopher of this time, argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property

5.1 Explain the social contract.

An idea that all individuals surrender certain personal freedoms to a government or association, but that government must rule with certain responsibilities. One of the most important responsibilities of any government: the general will - can be enforced by the whole body. The government and the people. Through some sort of expression of what the public wants, the people have control over the government.

5.1 Explain nationalism and how it will later play an important role in the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Nationalism is a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture. The idea that people who share a culture should also live in an independent nation-state threatened to destroy all of Europe's multiethnic empires. The clash between new ideas and old political structures led to revolutions that often had two aims: independence from imperial powers and constitutional representation. The breakup of empires and the emergence of new forms of government often followed. These developed out of the concept of nationalism.

5.1 How did the Enlightenment lead to social changes during the 1750-1900 time period?

The enlightenment ideologies led to various reform movements for women and slaves.

5.1 Explain the origins of feminism in this time period

This period saw the emergence of the movement for women's rights and equality based on enlightenment ideas.

5.1 What is suffrage

The right to vote

5.1 How did Mary Wollstoncraft and Olympe de Gouge serve as early feminists?

Mary Wollstoncraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Overall, she argued for women to have greater rights and opportunities in public affairs. Olympe de Gouge published a Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen. Both of these women acted as a part of the expansion of rights in the enlightenment era and demanded suffrage, individual rights, and opportunities for women in society.

5.2 American revolution causes and effects

causes - British monarchy tightening control over the colonies

British use of mercantilism to recover debt

Economic and political desires for independence

effects - American colonists free from british control

Creation of new state based on enlightenment principles

Freedoms limited to white men

5.2 French Revolution causes and effects

causes - New popularized, radical philosophies surrounding liberty, equality, and fraternity.

A debt crisis worsened by the French participation in the American Revolution

An unsustainable texting system that protected the wealthy and powerful

effects - War in other parts of Europe and the colonies

The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and a very similar government

Declaration of rights of a man and citizen

5.2 Haitian Revolution causes and effects

causes - Confusion created by the French Revolution

Slave revolt joined by escaped slaves

Toussaint L'Ouvurture rises to lead the rebellion, following the examples of French and American revolutions.

effects - Successful slave rebellion, ending slavery and establishing a non-white government in the Americas

New constitution

5.2 Latin American Revolution causes and effects

causes - The desire for independence from Spain

Enlightenment ideals

The liberal wants for free market and the abolition of slavery

effects - Slavery was legally ended in Latin America as was some social distinctions

Women gained little from the revolutions

5.2 Define 19th century liberalism and its effect on revolutions in this time period.

19th century liberalism was a desire for representation under constitutions that recognized civil liberties. The revolutions of 1848 were the result of nationalism and liberalism

5.2 Describe the Enlightenment documents that influence resistance to existing political authority in this time period.

European enlightenment came to life when American colonists declared independence from the British Empire and the monarchical forms of government imposed on them. This helped to spark further revolutions in France, Spanish America, and Haiti in the Caribbean.

5.2 Explain the unification of Germany

Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about german unification. In 1871, Bismarck founded the new german empire, made up of many territories gained from the wars, including Alsace-Lorraine, an area long part of France on the border between France and the new germany.

5.3 .How did environmental factors contribute to the start of the Industrial Revolution around 1750?

-New methods of agriculture- such as new methods of planting, new machines like the seed drill, to make planting easier. These improvements in agriculture meant that more food could be produced and fewer people were needed to produce the food

-Protection of private property- The government started to enact laws that protect people's private property

-Urbanization- (growth of cities) This is part of the process of industrialization

-Availability of natural resources (coal, iron, lumber, as well as resources from colonies) - necessary for industrialization to happen

-Access to waterways- (rivers, canals, coasts) -Accumulation of capital- wealthy people are using their money to invest in industrialization, to invest in this process. They're building factories, they're buying machines, they're paying the industrial workers. They're using their money too help foster this industrialization

-New ways of organizing labor (factories and specialization of labors)- the idea of bringing everyone together under one roof in a factory and also the idea of specializing labor so that workers are not involved in the entire process of production but they focus on one element or one part of the total production.

5.3 Where did the Industrial Revolution begin and why did it begin there?

Industrialization happened in Britain first because Brittain experienced improvements in agriculture, protection of private property with their enclosure acts, urbanization, and their incredible natural resources; coal, iron, lumber, and they also had a bunch of colonies in the Americas where they could extract natural resources to bring back to England for production. Another advantage that Britain had was access to waterways. This access to a lot of different waterways allows both natural resources and finished goods to be shipped to more places at a faster rate

5.3 .Explain how the factory system was different from the previously used cottage industries

the idea of bringing everyone together under one roof in a factory differed from cottage industries

5.3 How did specialization of labor increase industrial production?

The idea of specializing labor was so that workers were not involved in the entire process of production but they focused on one element or one part of the total production.

5.4 Which areas in and outside of Europe adopted industrial production?

After Britain industrialized, Belgium and then France and Germany followed. The United States, Japan, and Russia also transformed as industrialization spread

5.4 .How did the increase in industrial production in Europe lead to a decline of manufacturing in other regions?

Middle Eastern and Asian countries experienced a decrease in their share of global manufacturing. Indian shipbuilding ultimately suffered as a result of British officials' mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership during the period of British colonization in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Steep British tariffs led to the decline of India's ability to mine and work metals. The textile industry in India and Egypt also experienced difficulties as a result of Europe's world wide economic reach. Egypt had lost not only its export market in textiles, but much of its domestic market as well.

5.5 Explain the role of the steam engine in transforming production and transportation during this time period.

The version of the steam engine made by James Watt in 1765 provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories. Within 50 years, steam was producing power for steam powered trains. Steamships also revolutionized sailing. The use of coal made energy production mobile and dependable. Instead of being fixed in one place as a river was, coal-powered steam engines could be used anywhere and could be used on ships and trains.

5.5 What changes in energy resources changed in this time period from previous periods in history?

Fossil fuels, specifically oil and coal

5.5 What made the "second industrial revolution" different from the first?

The second industrial revolution involved the mass production of steel through the Bessemer process. Steele was used to improve all the machines used in the industrial revolution. Steele allowed developers to build up rather than out. Another important discovery of the second industrial revolution was a new fossil fuel-based source of power-- oil. Oil helped develop the internal combustion engine, which in turn helped produce automobile and airplane technology. Electricity was another important technology that radically changed the capabilities of people in industrialized societies. Developments in communication were produced in the second industrial revolution as well. With inventions such as the wired telegram and telephone created by Alexander gram bell.

5.5 .Explain how specific technologies led to an increase in trade and migration in this time period.

Railroads were built in industrial societies to connect to distant lands, increasing both trade and migration.

5.6 What is state-sponsored industrialization?

The states sponsored (paid for) and directed the industrial process.

5.6 Which states utilized state-sponsored industrialization to modernize?

Russia - steele, coal, the railroad. Fourth largest producer of steel. Agriculture economy Ottoman Empire - Ali established important reforms modernizing Egypt like organizing the military, establishing schools, and even started the Islamic worlds first newspaper. He took control of the entire cotton production industry. The reforms also included the building of major textile factories. Japan - internal reform in Japan that supported industrialization and led to the growing of regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era.

5.7 What changes in economic systems and ideologies occurred in this period in comparison to the 1450-1750 time period?

The economic theory changed from mercantilism (hands on government) to laissez-faire capitalism (hands off government)

5.7 Who was Adam Smith?

the one who developed the idea of laissez-faire capitalism

5.7 Explain laissez-faire capitalism.

The government does not interfere and businesses are allowed to act in their own self interests in order to make a profit

5.7 .How did industrial capitalism lead to increased standards of living for some?

For many groups of people, specifically the groups that tended to profit from industrial production-- they experienced an increased standard of living. Really what this means is improvements in manufacturing, industrialization, allows for there to be an increased availability, variety and affordability of lots of different kinds of consumer goods.

5.7 How did industrial capitalism also lead to a decrease in standards of living for others?

A class that rose out of industrialization was the industrial working class. The people in this class were negatively affected by industrialization. These people had to work in the factories earning very low wages and in general have a lower standard of living than the middle class had

5.7 How did capitalism lead to the development of transnational businesses?

New practices in banking and finance, such as corporations, stock markets, and ways to spread risk among multiple investors (stockholders), really helped create large-scale transnational businesses or businesses that operate across national boundaries.

5.7 How is capitalism different from mercantilism?

Capitalism is more of a hands off government while mercantilism involves more of a hands on government.

5.8 What factors led to the development of labor unions in this time period?

calls for reform

5.8 What changes occured due to the involvement of labor unions and worker protests?

Minimum wage laws

Limits on the number of hours worked each week Extra pay for extra work

Expansion of voting rights (Brittain specifically) Restrictions places on child labor

5.8 Who was Karl Marx?

A writer who laid out his objections to the industrial society created by capitalism and a clear and specific plan to fix those problems

5.8 What is communism?

A system that would eliminate all class by not only putting the means of production in the hands of proletariat but by sharing all wealth equally

5.8 .What is socialism?

Changes that will protect the quality of life for the working class instead of increased wealth for the already wealthy.

5.8 How did industrialization lead to the growing popularity of communism?

In order to fix the failures of capitalism, also referred to as the free market, the proletariat must take over the means of production. They must own the factories, the railroads, the steamships, the mines. If the proletariat takes over the means of production, they will be willing to spend the money required to make the changes that will protect the quality of life for the working class instead of increased wealth for the already wealthy. This is what is known as socialism, which, to marx, was a stepping stone to the much better system of communism.

5.8 How did the Ottoman Empire attempt to modernize?

A major modernization movement took place in the mid 19th century called the Tanzimat reforms. Tanzimat means reorganization, and that was the heart of the forms, reorganizing the government and society, especially away from islamic control. This took place after the empire had largely dismantled the chancery court that had so much control in the Ottoman society. The reforms included the secularization of many important systems including education, law, and increased religious tolerance around the empire.

5.8 Who opposed Ottoman modernization? What obstacles did they face?

These ideas were rejected by many leaders in the Muslim community. After 1879, Sultan Abdulhamid pushed back against these changes, pushing out reformers known as the Young Turks, and fearing a rebellion, he killed between 100,000 and 250,00 Armenians because they were a religious minority.

5.8 How did Qing China attempt to modernize?

In China, the modernization movement was called self strengthening. It included a concerted effort to advance military technology and depended on the advice of French and British business and government officials. They developed a customs department that collected taxes over imports and exports which greatly increased their revenue.

5.8 Who opposed Chinese modernization? What obstacles did they face?

One important Chinese political figure who strongly opposed the reforms was Empress Dowager Cixi, and she was the emperor's aunt, but she had more political power in China than any one person. She was very conservative and opposed the reforms so greatly that she Unit 5: Revolutions (1750-1900) Context Practice put her own nephew the emperor in jail in order to stop these reforms.

5.9 How did industrialization lead to changes in existing social hierarchies ?

The new social classes that emerge out of industrialization are the middle class and the industrial working class. The middle class is largely the managers of the factories of industrialization.

5.9 How did industrialization lead to changes in standards of living?

A class rose out of industrialization called the middle class. Their standard of living was positively impacted by industrialization. This class is growing in wealth, they lived in cities, owned small businesses and consisted of other professionals.

5.9 .How did industrialization change women's roles in society?

Women in the middle class received less pressure to have some kind of economic role outside of the home. So, there's a sort of increasing pressure for them to be focused completely on domestic life to provide a caring, warm household in which to raise children. As for the women and children in the working class, due to their low incomes, they were pretty much required to contribute by working in the factories.