bio phis

Endocrine gland cells

secrete hormone signals into

blood

Hypothalamus

part of the brain, has neurosecretory cells that secrete releasing hormones

to signal the anterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary

endocrine gland that secretes “tropins” (tropic hormones that signal specific glands,

like the thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads, etc)

Thyroid gland

secretes thyroxine into the blood; thyroxine hormone (T3/T4) controls metabolic rate and growth

Pancreas

a multi-part gland Bulk is gland that secretes digestive enzymes (into duct)

Small endocrine organs “islets” wthin it, also:

alpha cells secrete glucagon

beta cells secrete insulin (directly into the blood)

also produces enzymes to break down molecules through duct into small intestine

Insulin

a protein hormone secreted by the beta

cells of the pancreas. It is in a control system that

helps keep blood glucose from rising too high.

homeostasis

ability of an organism to maintain internal environment within a

certain range

Negative feedback

A change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts that change

and maintains homeostasis

Positive feedback:

a control mechanism where a change in a system triggers responses that amplify the original change, pushing the process further in the same direction.

neuro-secretory cells.

(hypothalamus) specialized neurons that produce and release hormones directly into the blood, linking the nervous system to the endocrine system.

Tropin

a hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to release its hormones.

small intestine

site of major digestion (hydrolysis)

and site of absorption into blood via diffusion through epithelial transport cells (gut lining)

Receives secretions from pancreas and liver (fats via bile ducts)

liver

nutrients pass through epithelial cells into hepatic portal vein that in. then process through this organ

processes and redistributes nutrients through the blood into the body

stomach

site of low ph and breaks down proteins

NOT HYDROLYSIS

transport epithelial cells

line organs or cavities and move substances, like nutrients, ions, or water, across their surfaces to regulate absorption and secretion.

tight junctions

connections between epithelial cells that seal the spaces between them, preventing substances from leaking between the cells and controlling what passes through the tissue.

microvilli

tiny finger-like projections on the surface of epithelial cells that increase surface area to enhance absorption of nutrients and other substances.

Na+-Glucose co-transporter

protein in epithelial cells that moves glucose into the cell from the gut lumen by using the sodium (Na⁺) gradient, allowing glucose absorption against its concentration gradient.

gut lumen

space in front of the epithelial cell- before they enter

osmoregulation

control of fluid solute concentration and overal gain or loss of water by epitheial tissues and blood

excretory tubule

a tube (unit of the kidney) that exchanges water and solutes in the tubule with the blood then eliminates whats left (elimination)

nitrogenous waste

(ammonia, urea, uric acid)- cell waste products (from breaking down amino acids) that are eliminated via excretory system

salt water fish

not enough H2O and too much solute —> excrete small amounts of water and alot of solute\

cells in gills pump out solute

freshwater fish

too much H20 in cells and not enough salt —> excrete lots of water and little solute

nephron

functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and forms urine.

filtration

blood into tubule

reabsorbtion

solutes and water moves from tubules into the blood via transport epithelium cells

secretion

moves solutes and water from blood back into the tubule

excretion

elimination

innate (inborn) immunity

non speicfic- defense repsonse to many types of invading substances

inflammation

body’s protective response to injury or infection, involving immune cells, blood vessels, and chemical signals to eliminate the cause and begin healing.

adaptive (acquired) immunity

involves recognition and responses to highly soecific invading substances with a specific antibody

antigen

specific invading substance

lymphocyte; (B or T)

specialized by cutting and mutating DNA to recognize and defence against one specific antigen, clones itseld and fights the antigen

B cells

lymphocytes that recognize specific antigens and produce and release antibodies through the bodily fluids

T cells

recognize infected or abnormal cells and either directly destroy them (cytotoxic T cells) or help regulate and coordinate the immune response (helper T cells)

macrophage

large immune cell that engulfs and digests pathogens, dead cells, and debris, and also helps activate other immune cells by presenting antigens

mast cell

part of the innate immunity and leases histamine and other chemicals during allergic reactions and inflammation- histome makes capilalries leaking —> water leaks —> swelling

nuetrophil

a type of white blood cell that rapidly responds to infections by engulfing and destroying bacteria and fungi, and is one of the first cells to arrive at sites of inflammation.

humoral

b cells secrete antibody to fight their antigen in body fluids

cell mediated

cytotoxic T cells that kils cells containing their antigen

cytokines

signals released by Helper T cells- proteins that coordinate and regulate inflammation, immune responses, and cell communic