A&P Lab Exam 1

Active transport

A type of transport that requires ATP to move a substance across a membrane

Passive Transport

A type of transport that requires no energy to move a substance through a cell/down a gradient

Diffusion

A type of passive transport that moves solutes from a region of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium

What are the factors that determine the rate of diffusion?

Viscosity, temperature, molecular weight of solute, and permeability of membrane/size of particle

Viscosity

An increase in thickness will decrease the rate of diffusion

Temperature

As temperature increases, molecules move faster

Molecular weight

The heavier the molecular weight the lower the rate of diffusion

Size of molecule/permeability

Larger molecules will not pass through a semi-permeable membrane

Osmosis

Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high-water concentration to low-water concentration

Isotonic solutions

When 2 solutions contain the same number of solute molecules, the net movement is 0

Hypertonic solution

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell

What does a hypertonic solution do to a cell?

The cell shrinks/crenates

Hypotonic solutions

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

The cell swells/bursts (lysis)

Filtration

When a solvent and dissolved substances move from a region of high pressure to low pressure

What factors affect the rate of filtration?

Size of suspended molecules & surface area of the cell membrane

Where in the body does filtration occur?

The kidneys

Superior

Towards the top

Inferior

Towards the bottom

Ventral/anterior

In front of

Dorsal/Posterior

In the back of

Medial

Towards the middle of

Lateral

Towards the side

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Away from the point of attachment

Superficial

Towards the surface

Deep

Internal

Sagittal

Divides the body or structure into left and right sections

Frontal/Coronal

Divides the body or structure into anterior and posterior sections

Transverse

Divides the body or structure into superior and inferior sections

Oblique

Divides the body or structure at an angle

Abdominal

Stomach region

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Upper arm

Buccal

Cheek

Calcaneal

Heel

Carpal tunnel

Wrist

Cervical

Neck

Cranial

Skull

Crural

Lowel leg

Digital

Fingers & toes

Femoral

Thigh

Gluteal

Buttocks

Inguinal

Groin

Lumbar

Lower back

Nasal

Nose

Occipital

Posterior skull

Oral

Mouth

Orbital

Eye

Patellar

Kneecap

Pectoral

Chest

Pelvic

Pelvis

Pubic

Anterior pelvis

Sacral

Tailbone

Scapular

Shoulder blade

Sternal

Middle thorax

Sternal

Middle thorax

Tarsal

Ankle

Thoracic

Chest/thorax

Vertebral

Spinal column

What cavities are in the dorsal cavity?

Cranial & Vertebral

What is in the cranial cavity?

Brain

What is in the vertebral cavity?

Spinal column

What cavities are in the ventral cavity?

Thoracic (pleural & mediastinal/pericardial) & Abdominopelvic (abdominal & pelvic)

What are the organs in the obdominopelvic cavity?

Stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons), liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys

What makes up the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails, sweat & oil glands

What makes up the skeletal system?

Bones, catilage, and ligaments

What makes up the muscular system?

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

What makes up the nervous system?

Brain (CNS) & spinal cord and nerves (PNS)

What makes up the endocrine system?

Pineal gland, thymus gland, thyroid, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, ovaries, testes, and pancreas

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

Heart, blood vessels, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood

What makes up the lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus gland, and tonsils

What makes up the respiratory system?

Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

What makes up the digestive system?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

What makes up the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

What makes up the reproductive system?

Male (testes, penis, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland) & Female (ovaries, ureters, fallopian tubes, vagina, and mammary glands)

What are the 4 quadrants?

RUQ (left), LUQ (right), RLQ (left), LLQ (right)

What are the 9 regions?

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac region

Homeostasis

How an organism maintains a consistent internal environment while internal and external conditions are continually changing

What 2 main organ systems control homeostasis?

Nervous & endocrine

What are the components of a feedback system?

Stimulus, receptor, control center, and effector

Stimulus

A change in a regulated variable (temperature, pH, stretch of muscle or vessel)

Receptor

The structure that detects a change in a regulated variable (blood pressure, blood oxygen, etc)

Control center

The structure that interprets the information from the receptor (brain or spinal cord)

Effector

The structure that carries out the response determined by the control center (muscle or gland)

Negative feedback

A process that reverses or negates the original stimulus

Positive feedback

A process that reinforces the original stimulus

Plasma membrane

Lipid bilayer with proteins that is selectively permeable to some substances

Cytoplasm

Cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus and contains the cytosol (intracellular fluid) and organelles

Nucleus

Contains DNA and regulates the activity of the cell which is enveloped by the nuclear membrane with a nucleolus & chromatin inside it.

Mitochondria

Generates most of the cell’s energy in the form of ATP and is a double mitochondrial membrane with cristae inside to increase surface area

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A network of membranes with ribosomes attached to it, which modifies, transports, and stores proteins that are produced by the attached ribosomes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A network of membranes that synthesizes, transports, and stores various lipids and carbohydrate metabolism

Golgi apparatus

Flattened channels that modify, sort, and transport/stores proteins made in the rough ER

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Lysosome

Contains enzymes that break down material ingested by the cell and worn-out cellular components

Peroxisomes

Similar in function & structure to lysosomes but smaller and contains oxidative enzyme that perform the function of detoxification and beta oxidation

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments that extend through the cytoplasm

Microfilaments

The smallest protein fibers that provide support and movement of cell and its components

Intermediate filaments

Support and stabilize the cell